



Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                      D. Van Geest
Request for Comments: 9802                           CryptoNext Security
Category: Standards Track                                     K. Bashiri
ISSN: 2070-1721                                                      BSI
                                                              S. Fluhrer
                                                           Cisco Systems
                                                               S. Gazdag
                                                              genua GmbH
                                                             S. Kousidis
                                                                     BSI
                                                               June 2025


  Use of the HSS and XMSS Hash-Based Signature Algorithms in Internet
                    X.509 Public Key Infrastructure

Abstract

   This document specifies algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding
   formats for the following stateful Hash-Based Signature (HBS)
   schemes: Hierarchical Signature System (HSS), eXtended Merkle
   Signature Scheme (XMSS), and XMSS^MT (a multi-tree variant of XMSS).
   This specification applies to the Internet X.509 Public Key
   Infrastructure (PKI) when digital signatures are used to sign
   certificates and certificate revocation lists (CRLs).

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9802.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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   include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the
   Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described
   in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction
   2.  Conventions and Definitions
   3.  Use Cases of Stateful HBS Schemes in X.509
   4.  Algorithm Identifiers and Parameters
     4.1.  HSS Algorithm Identifier
     4.2.  XMSS Algorithm Identifier
     4.3.  XMSS^MT Algorithm Identifier
   5.  Public Key Identifiers
     5.1.  HSS Public Keys
     5.2.  XMSS Public Keys
     5.3.  XMSS^MT Public Keys
   6.  Key Usage Bits
   7.  Signature Algorithms
     7.1.  HSS Signature Algorithm
     7.2.  XMSS Signature Algorithm
     7.3.  XMSS^MT Signature Algorithm
   8.  Key Generation
   9.  ASN.1 Module
   10. Security Considerations
   11. Backup and Restore Management
   12. IANA Considerations
   13. References
     13.1.  Normative References
     13.2.  Informative References
   Appendix A.  HSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example
   Appendix B.  XMSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example
   Appendix C.  XMSS^MT X.509 v3 Certificate Example
   Acknowledgments
   Authors' Addresses

1.  Introduction

   Stateful Hash-Based Signature (HBS) schemes such as the Hierarchical
   Signature System (HSS), eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS), and
   XMSS^MT combine Merkle trees with One-Time Signatures (OTS).  This is
   done in order to provide digital signature schemes that remain secure
   even when quantum computers become available.  Their theoretic
   security is well understood and depends only on the security of the
   underlying hash function.  As such, they can serve as an important
   building block for quantum computer resistant information and
   communication technology.

   A stateful HBS private key consists of a finite collection of OTS
   keys, along with state information that tracks the usage of these
   keys to ensure the security of the scheme.  Only a limited number of
   messages can be signed, and the private key's state must be updated
   and persisted after signing to prevent reuse of OTS keys.  While the
   right selection of algorithm parameters would allow a private key to
   sign a virtually unbounded number of messages (e.g., 2^60), this is
   at the cost of a larger signature size and longer signing time.
   Because the private key in stateful HBS schemes is stateful and the
   number of signatures that can be generated is limited, these schemes
   may be unsuitable for use in interactive protocols.  However, in some
   use cases, the deployment of stateful HBS schemes may be appropriate.
   Such use cases are described and discussed in Section 3.

2.  Conventions and Definitions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Use Cases of Stateful HBS Schemes in X.509

   As described in the Security Considerations in Section 10, it is
   imperative that stateful HBS implementations do not reuse OTS
   signatures.  This makes stateful HBS algorithms inappropriate for
   general use cases.  The exact conditions under which stateful HBS
   certificates may be used is left to certificate policies [RFC3647].
   However, the intended use of stateful HBS schemes as described by
   [SP800208] can be used as a guideline:

   |  stateful HBS schemes are primarily intended for applications with
   |  the following characteristics: 1) it is necessary to implement a
   |  digital signature scheme in the near future; 2) the implementation
   |  will have a long lifetime; and 3) it would not be practical to
   |  transition to a different digital signature scheme once the
   |  implementation has been deployed.

   In addition, since a stateful HBS private key can only generate a
   finite number of signatures, use cases for stateful HBS public keys
   in certificates should have a predictable range of the number of
   signatures that will be generated, falling safely below the maximum
   number of signatures that a private key can generate.

   Use cases where stateful HBS public keys in certificates may be
   appropriate due to the relatively small number of signatures
   generated and the signer's ability to enforce security restrictions
   on the signing environment include:

   *  Firmware signing (see Section 1.1 of [SP800208], [CNSA2.0], and
      Section 6.7 of [BSI])

   *  Software signing ([CNSA2.0] and [ANSSI])

   *  Certification Authority (CA) certificates

   In each of these cases, the operator tightly controls their secured
   signing environment and can mitigate OTS key reuse by employing state
   management strategies such as those in Section 10.  Also, for secure
   private key backup and restoration, adequate mechanisms have to be
   implemented (see Section 11).

   Generally speaking, stateful HBS public keys are not appropriate for
   use in end-entity certificates, however, in the firmware and software
   signing cases, signature generation will often be more tightly
   controlled.  Some manufactures use common and well-established key
   formats like X.509 for their code signing and update mechanisms.
   Also, there are multi-party Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems where
   publicly trusted code signing certificates are useful.

   In general, root CAs [RFC4949] generate signatures in a more secure
   environment and issue fewer certificates than subordinate CAs
   [RFC4949].  This makes the use of stateful HBS public keys more
   appropriate in root CA certificates than in subordinate CA
   certificates.  However, if a subordinate CA can match the security
   and signature count restrictions of a root CA, for example, if the
   subordinate CA only issues code-signing certificates, then using a
   stateful HBS public key in the subordinate CA certificate may be
   practical.

4.  Algorithm Identifiers and Parameters

   In this document, we define new Object Identifiers (OIDs) for
   identifying the different stateful hash-based signature algorithms.
   An additional OID is defined in [RFC9708] and repeated here for
   convenience.

   The AlgorithmIdentifier type is defined in [RFC5912] as follows:

   AlgorithmIdentifier{ALGORITHM-TYPE, ALGORITHM-TYPE:AlgorithmSet} ::=
           SEQUENCE {
               algorithm   ALGORITHM-TYPE.&id({AlgorithmSet}),
               parameters  ALGORITHM-TYPE.
                      &Params({AlgorithmSet}{@algorithm}) OPTIONAL
           }

      |  NOTE: The above syntax is from [RFC5912] and is compatible with
      |  the 2021 ASN.1 syntax [X680].  See [RFC5280] for the 1988 ASN.1
      |  syntax.

   The fields in AlgorithmIdentifier have the following meanings:

   algorithm:  this identifies the cryptographic algorithm with an OID.

   parameters:  these are optional and are the associated parameters for
      the algorithm identifier in the algorithm field.

   The parameters field of the AlgorithmIdentifier for HSS, XMSS, and
   XMSS^MT public keys MUST be absent.

4.1.  HSS Algorithm Identifier

   The OID and public key algorithm identifier for HSS is defined in
   [RFC9708].  The definitions are repeated here for reference.

   The AlgorithmIdentifier for an HSS public key MUST use the id-alg-
   hss-lms-hashsig OID.

      id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
         iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
         smime(16) alg(3) 17 }

   Note that the id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig algorithm identifier is also
   referred to as id-alg-mts-hashsig.  This synonym is based on the
   terminology used in an early draft of the document that became
   [RFC8554].

   The public key and signature values identify the hash function and
   the height used in the HSS tree.  [RFC8554] and [SP800208] define
   these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the
   "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry [IANA-LMS].

4.2.  XMSS Algorithm Identifier

   The AlgorithmIdentifier for an XMSS public key MUST use the id-alg-
   xmss-hashsig OID.

      id-alg-xmss-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
         iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
         security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 34 }

   The public key and signature values identify the hash function and
   the height used in the XMSS tree.  [RFC8391] and [SP800208] define
   these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the
   "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry [IANA-XMSS].

4.3.  XMSS^MT Algorithm Identifier

   The AlgorithmIdentifier for an XMSS^MT public key MUST use the id-
   alg-xmssmt-hashsig OID.

      id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
         iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
         security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 35 }

   The public key and signature values identify the hash function and
   the height used in the XMSS^MT tree.  [RFC8391] and [SP800208] define
   these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the
   "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry [IANA-XMSS].

5.  Public Key Identifiers

   Certificates conforming to [RFC5280] can convey a public key for any
   public key algorithm.  The certificate indicates the algorithm
   through an algorithm identifier.  An algorithm identifier consists of
   an OID and optional parameters.

   [RFC8554] defines the encoding of HSS public keys, and [RFC8391]
   defines the encodings of XMSS and XMSS^MT public keys.  When used in
   a SubjectPublicKeyInfo type, the subjectPublicKey BIT STRING contains
   these encodings of the public key.

   This document defines ASN.1 [X680] OCTET STRING types for encoding
   the public keys when not used in a SubjectPublicKeyInfo.  The OCTET
   STRING is mapped to a subjectPublicKey (a value of type BIT STRING)
   as follows: the most significant bit of the OCTET STRING value
   becomes the most significant bit of the BIT STRING value, and so on;
   the least significant bit of the OCTET STRING becomes the least
   significant bit of the BIT STRING.

5.1.  HSS Public Keys

   The HSS public key identifier is as follows:

      pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
         IDENTIFIER id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig
         -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
         PARAMS ARE absent
         CERT-KEY-USAGE
            { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

   The HSS public key is defined as follows:

      HSS-LMS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

   [RFC8554] defines the encoding of an HSS public key using the
   hss_public_key structure.  See [SP800208] and [RFC8554] for more
   information on the contents and format of an HSS public key.  Note
   that the Leighton-Micali Signature (LMS) single-tree signature scheme
   is instantiated as HSS with the number of levels being equal to 1.

5.2.  XMSS Public Keys

   The XMSS public key identifier is as follows:

      pk-XMSS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
         IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
         -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
         PARAMS ARE absent
         CERT-KEY-USAGE
            { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

   The XMSS public key is defined as follows:

      XMSS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

   [RFC8391] defines the encoding of an XMSS public key using the
   xmss_public_key structure.  See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more
   information on the contents and format of an XMSS public key.

5.3.  XMSS^MT Public Keys

   The XMSS^MT public key identifier is as follows:

      pk-XMSSMT-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
         IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
         -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
         PARAMS ARE absent
         CERT-KEY-USAGE
            { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

   The XMSS^MT public key is defined as follows:

      XMSSMT-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

   [RFC8391] defines the encoding of an XMSS^MT public key using the
   xmssmt_public_key structure.  See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more
   information on the contents and format of an XMSS^MT public key.

6.  Key Usage Bits

   The intended application for the key is indicated in the keyUsage
   certificate extension [RFC5280].  When id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig, id-
   alg-xmss-hashsig, or id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig appears in the
   SubjectPublicKeyInfo field of a CA X.509 certificate [RFC5280], the
   certificate key usage extension MUST contain at least one of the
   following values: digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, or
   cRLSign.  However, it MUST NOT contain other values.

   When id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig, id-alg-xmss-hashsig, or id-alg-xmssmt-
   hashsig appears in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo field of an end entity
   X.509 certificate [RFC5280], the certificate key usage extension MUST
   contain at least one of the following values: digitalSignature,
   nonRepudiation or cRLSign.  However, it MUST NOT contain other
   values.

7.  Signature Algorithms

   The same OIDs used to identify HSS, XMSS, and XMSS^MT public keys are
   also used to identify their respective signatures.  When these
   algorithm identifiers appear in the algorithm field of an
   AlgorithmIdentifier, the encoding MUST omit the parameters field.
   That is, the AlgorithmIdentifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one
   component, one of the OIDs defined in the following subsections.

   When the signature algorithm identifiers described in this document
   are used to create a signature on a message, no digest algorithm is
   applied to the message before signing.  That is, the full data to be
   signed is signed rather than a digest of the data.

   The format of an HSS signature is described in Section 6.2 of
   [RFC8554].  The format of an XMSS signature is described in
   Appendix B.2 of [RFC8391], and the format of an XMSS^MT signature is
   described in Appendix C.2 of [RFC8391].  The octet string
   representing the signature is encoded directly in a BIT STRING
   without adding any additional ASN.1 wrapping.  For the Certificate
   and CertificateList structures, the octet string is encoded in the
   "signatureValue" BIT STRING field.

7.1.  HSS Signature Algorithm

   The id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig OID is used to specify that an HSS
   signature was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was
   not hashed before being processed by the HSS signature algorithm.

   See [SP800208] and [RFC8554] for more information on the contents and
   format of an HSS signature.

7.2.  XMSS Signature Algorithm

   The id-alg-xmss-hashsig OID is used to specify that an XMSS signature
   was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was not hashed
   before being processed by the XMSS signature algorithm.

   See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more information on the contents and
   format of an XMSS signature.

   The signature generation MUST be performed according to Section 7.2
   of [SP800208].

7.3.  XMSS^MT Signature Algorithm

   The id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig OID is used to specify that an XMSS^MT
   signature was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was
   not hashed before being processed by the XMSS^MT signature algorithm.

   See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more information on the contents and
   format of an XMSS^MT signature.

   The signature generation MUST be performed according to Section 7.2
   of [SP800208].

8.  Key Generation

   The key generation for XMSS and XMSS^MT MUST be performed according
   to Section 7.2 of [SP800208].

9.  ASN.1 Module

   For reference purposes, the ASN.1 syntax is presented as an ASN.1
   module here [X680].  Note that as per [RFC5280], certificates use the
   Distinguished Encoding Rules; see [X690].  This ASN.1 module builds
   upon the conventions established in [RFC5912].  This module imports
   objects from [RFC5912] and [RFC9708].

   X509-SHBS-2024
     { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
       mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-shbs-2024(114) }

   DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN

   EXPORTS ALL;

   IMPORTS
     PUBLIC-KEY, SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM
       FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009  -- [RFC5912]
         { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
           security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
           id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) }

     sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig, pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig
       FROM MTS-HashSig-2013 -- [RFC9708]
         { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
           id-smime(16) id-mod(0) id-mod-mts-hashsig-2013(64) };

   --
   -- Object Identifiers
   --

   -- id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig is defined in [RFC9708]

   id-alg-xmss-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
      iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
      mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 34 }

   id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
      iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
      mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 35 }

   --
   -- Signature Algorithms and Public Keys
   --

   -- sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig is defined in [RFC9708]

   sa-XMSS-HashSig SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
      PARAMS ARE absent
      PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-XMSS-HashSig }
      SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-xmss-hashsig } }

   sa-XMSSMT-HashSig SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
      PARAMS ARE absent
      PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-XMSSMT-HashSig }
      SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig } }

   -- pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig is defined in [RFC9708]

   pk-XMSS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
      -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
      PARAMS ARE absent
      CERT-KEY-USAGE
         { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

   XMSS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

   pk-XMSSMT-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
      -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
      PARAMS ARE absent
      CERT-KEY-USAGE
         { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

   XMSSMT-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

   --
   -- Public Key (pk-) Algorithms
   --
   PublicKeys PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      -- This expands PublicKeys from RFC 5912
      pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig |
      pk-XMSS-HashSig |
      pk-XMSSMT-HashSig,
      ...
   }

   --
   -- Signature Algorithms (sa-)
   --
   SignatureAlgs SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
      -- This expands SignatureAlgorithms from RFC 5912
      sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig |
      sa-XMSS-HashSig |
      sa-XMSSMT-HashSig,
      ...
   }

   END

10.  Security Considerations

   The security requirements of [SP800208] MUST be taken into account.

   As stateful HBS private keys can only generate a limited number of
   signatures, a user needs to be aware of the total number of
   signatures they intend to generate in their use case; otherwise, they
   risk exhausting the number of OTS keys in their private key.

   For stateful HBS schemes, it is crucial to stress the importance of
   correct state management.  If an attacker were able to obtain
   signatures for two different messages created using the same OTS key,
   then it would become computationally feasible for that attacker to
   create forgeries [BH16].  As noted in [MCGREW] and [ETSI-TR-103-692],
   extreme care needs to be taken in order to avoid the risk that an OTS
   key will be reused accidentally.  This is a new requirement that most
   developers will not be familiar with and requires careful handling.

   Various strategies for a correct state management can be applied:

   *  Implement a record of all signatures generated by a key pair
      associated with a stateful HBS instance, for example, by logging
      the OTS key indexes as signatures are generated.  This record may
      be stored outside the device that is used to generate the
      signature.  Check the record to prevent OTS key reuse before a new
      signature is released.  If OTS key reuse is detected, freeze all
      new signature generation by the private key, re-audit previously
      released signatures (possibly revoking the private key if
      previously released signatures showed OTS key reuse), and perform
      a post-failure audit.

   *  Use a stateful HBS instance only for a moderate number of
      signatures such that it is always practical to keep a consistent
      record and be able to unambiguously trace back all generated
      signatures.

   *  Apply the state reservation strategy described in Section 5 of
      [MCGREW], where upcoming states are reserved in advance by the
      signer.  In this way, the number of state synchronizations between
      nonvolatile and volatile memory is reduced.

11.  Backup and Restore Management

   Certificate authorities have high demands in order to ensure the
   availability of signature generation throughout the validity period
   of signing key pairs.

   Some usual backup and restore strategies when using a stateless
   signature scheme (e.g., SLH-DSA) are to:

   *  duplicate private keying material and operate redundant signing
      devices.

   *  store and safeguard a copy of the private keying material such
      that it can be used to set up a new signing device in case of
      technical difficulties.

   For stateful HBS schemes, such straightforward backup and restore
   strategies will lead to OTS reuse with high probability as a correct
   state management is not guaranteed.  Strategies for maintaining
   availability and keeping a correct state are described in Section 7
   of [SP800208] and [S-HBS].

12.  IANA Considerations

   IANA has registered the following OID for the ASN.1 module (see
   Section 9) in the "SMI Security for PKIX Module Identifier"
   (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.0) registry:

             +=========+========================+============+
             | Decimal | Description            | References |
             +=========+========================+============+
             | 114     | id-mod-pkix1-shbs-2024 | RFC 9802   |
             +---------+------------------------+------------+

                                  Table 1

   IANA has registered the following entries in the "SMI Security for
   PKIX Algorithms" (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.6) registry [SMI-PKIX]:

             +=========+=======================+============+
             | Decimal | Description           | References |
             +=========+=======================+============+
             | 34      | id-alg-xmss-hashsig   | RFC 9802   |
             +---------+-----------------------+------------+
             | 35      | id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig | RFC 9802   |
             +---------+-----------------------+------------+

                                 Table 2

13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC5912]  Hoffman, P. and J. Schaad, "New ASN.1 Modules for the
              Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 5912,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5912, June 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5912>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8391]  Huelsing, A., Butin, D., Gazdag, S., Rijneveld, J., and A.
              Mohaisen, "XMSS: eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme",
              RFC 8391, DOI 10.17487/RFC8391, May 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8391>.

   [RFC8554]  McGrew, D., Curcio, M., and S. Fluhrer, "Leighton-Micali
              Hash-Based Signatures", RFC 8554, DOI 10.17487/RFC8554,
              April 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8554>.

   [RFC9708]  Housley, R., "Use of the HSS/LMS Hash-Based Signature
              Algorithm in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)",
              RFC 9708, DOI 10.17487/RFC9708, January 2025,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9708>.

   [SP800208] Cooper, D., Apon, D., Dang, Q., Davidson, M., Dworkin, M.,
              and C. Miller, "Recommendation for Stateful Hash-Based
              Signature Schemes", NIST SP 800-208,
              DOI 10.6028/nist.sp.800-208, 29 October 2020,
              <https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-208>.

   [X680]     ITU-T, "Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation
              One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation", ITU-T
              Recommendation X.680, ISO/IEC 8824-1:2021, February 2021,
              <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.680>.

   [X690]     ITU-T, "Information technology: ASN.1 encoding rules:
              Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical
              Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules
              (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation X.690, ISO/IEC 8825-1:2021,
              February 2021, <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.690>.

13.2.  Informative References

   [ANSSI]    Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d'information
              (ANSSI), "ANSSI views on the Post-Quantum Cryptography
              transition (2023 follow up)", 21 December 2023,
              <https://cyber.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/document/follow
              _up_position_paper_on_post_quantum_cryptography.pdf>.

   [BH16]     Bruinderink, L. and S. Hülsing, "Oops, I did it again -
              Security of One-Time Signatures under Two-Message
              Attacks.", Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2016/1042,
              2016, <https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1042>.

   [BSI]      Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (BSI),
              "Quantum-safe cryptography - fundamentals, current
              developments and recommendations", 18 May 2022,
              <https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/BSI/
              Publications/Brochure/quantum-safe-cryptography.pdf>.

   [CNSA2.0]  National Security Agency (NSA), "The Commercial National
              Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 and Quantum Computing FAQ", 7
              September 2022, <https://media.defense.gov/2022/
              Sep/07/2003071836/-1/-1/0/CSI_CNSA_2.0_FAQ_.PDF>.

   [ETSI-TR-103-692]
              European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI),
              "CYBER; State management for stateful authentication
              mechanisms", ETSI TR 103 692 v1.1.1, November 2021,
              <https://www.etsi.org/deliver/
              etsi_tr/103600_103699/103692/01.01.01_60/
              tr_103692v010101p.pdf>.

   [IANA-LMS] IANA, "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/leighton-micali-
              signatures/>.

   [IANA-XMSS]
              IANA, "XMSS: Extended Hash-Based Signatures",
              <https://iana.org/assignments/xmss-extended-hash-based-
              signatures/>.

   [MCGREW]   McGrew, D., Kampanakis, P., Fluhrer, S., Gazdag, S.,
              Butin, D., and J. Buchmann, "State Management for Hash-
              Based Signatures", Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper
              2016/357, 2 November 2016,
              <https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/357>.

   [RFC3279]  Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and
              Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, DOI 10.17487/RFC3279, April
              2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3279>.

   [RFC3647]  Chokhani, S., Ford, W., Sabett, R., Merrill, C., and S.
              Wu, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
              Policy and Certification Practices Framework", RFC 3647,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3647, November 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3647>.

   [RFC4949]  Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
              FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.

   [RFC8410]  Josefsson, S. and J. Schaad, "Algorithm Identifiers for
              Ed25519, Ed448, X25519, and X448 for Use in the Internet
              X.509 Public Key Infrastructure", RFC 8410,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8410, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8410>.

   [RFC8411]  Schaad, J. and R. Andrews, "IANA Registration for the
              Cryptographic Algorithm Object Identifier Range",
              RFC 8411, DOI 10.17487/RFC8411, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8411>.

   [S-HBS]    Wiggers, T., Bashiri, K., Kölbl, S., Goodman, J., and S.
              Kousidis, "Hash-based Signatures: State and Backup
              Management", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              wiggers-hbs-state-02, 1 April 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-wiggers-hbs-
              state-02>.

   [SMI-PKIX] IANA, "SMI Security for PKIX Algorithms",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/smi-numbers>.

Appendix A.  HSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example

   This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using HSS.

   Certificate:
       Data:
           Version: 3 (0x2)
           Serial Number:
               e8:91:d6:06:91:4f:ce:f3
           Signature Algorithm: hss
           Issuer: C = US, ST = VA, L = Herndon, O = Bogus CA
           Validity
               Not Before: May 14 08:58:11 2024 GMT
               Not After : May 14 08:58:11 2034 GMT
           Subject: C = US, ST = VA, L = Herndon, O = Bogus CA
           Subject Public Key Info:
               Public Key Algorithm: hss
                   hss public key:
                   PQ key material:
                       00:00:00:01:00:00:00:05:00:00:00:04:c0:96:12:
                       8b:ea:38:30:78:eb:f6:fb:43:d7:7f:9f:9e:81:39:
                       e2:7c:b9:34:4e:6e:53:19:f0:ee:68:75:85:83:d3:
                       2b:e9:7b:14:46:9e:4e:c5:e3:5a:18:0b:30:e5:13
           X509v3 extensions:
               X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                   58:15:AB:F4:CF:03:69:02:60:7A:57:4D:C5:D5:B3:72:
                   8A:19:21:68
               X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                   58:15:AB:F4:CF:03:69:02:60:7A:57:4D:C5:D5:B3:72:
                   8A:19:21:68
               X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                   CA:TRUE
               X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                   Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
       Signature Algorithm: hss
       Signature Value:
           00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:04:9c:37:52:ff:b9:d7:
           df:f5:5b:01:ba:50:c2:50:cc:6f:f3:b1:73:df:0c:2a:ea:b3:
           ed:96:1e:ce:e7:58:05:da:8d:a7:77:21:42:32:d9:f9:4a:4d:
           f7:2b:18:2a:1c:5c:69:03:f3:1c:9c:95:6d:31:9a:c9:ca:84:
           4d:ae:b3:8b:c3:71:ac:3f:87:51:be:38:b4:bf:d9:dc:90:1f:
           1e:54:bd:f9:1a:65:70:d4:46:b6:ad:4d:6d:16:b9:fb:29:f4:
           e3:86:42:4a:3f:a4:8f:01:84:9b:44:0b:23:22:9c:97:6d:d5:
           b9:26:39:11:ab:46:82:bd:10:6c:b4:7a:64:ed:c7:40:b0:33:
           f0:b5:81:1c:b4:41:54:9c:30:d9:d2:93:ba:48:8c:4f:d0:25:
           41:60:7b:90:5e:12:20:b7:30:16:16:1e:b7:ee:d8:4b:ee:ed:
           3c:70:fc:ff:36:18:aa:24:23:87:91:65:a8:95:2d:b6:1c:d1:
           02:7b:70:81:8a:18:17:c0:45:62:fe:47:a1:3e:69:54:31:67:
           58:9a:e1:e3:c9:8d:ee:1e:2a:d1:46:75:e9:e4:90:67:01:57:
           92:54:db:b4:ea:de:8b:e7:eb:fc:27:80:9b:d5:da:e0:8e:b0:
           b3:08:ca:6f:a1:1c:f4:40:65:b0:f6:f8:c9:a7:97:04:c8:7c:
           9e:56:ec:2f:4b:cd:45:8b:d7:e6:a7:50:c7:e6:21:2c:17:31:
           23:11:7a:ae:9a:b5:84:5f:e6:5c:82:99:a8:3a:a9:91:87:9a:
           24:5c:83:01:91:7c:fc:cd:be:2e:92:50:fb:12:11:96:08:0d:
           c9:24:0d:bb:6f:fb:59:05:af:7f:96:bc:a3:f4:58:e2:fa:0a:
           4a:f2:4c:f7:b3:1b:81:dd:4a:41:a0:b1:dd:52:4c:bb:6d:c0:
           a8:d9:bb:29:c8:fc:e3:7e:f8:6a:e5:5e:c4:e4:e8:7c:0b:00:
           87:15:75:a2:06:50:97:c6:1f:14:52:79:04:a8:9c:ec:b1:c7:
           6a:46:33:98:b8:63:f7:a7:2c:d4:62:78:94:1c:5d:9d:4f:a6:
           0a:ae:39:50:85:b2:09:8d:62:c9:4c:11:9f:0c:91:a5:ac:2d:
           11:bd:71:b6:0c:ea:34:98:53:fc:2e:cc:7b:a4:9c:2e:7a:a4:
           8d:e2:e8:8c:01:a9:9c:3e:b5:34:77:33:82:01:d4:ef:72:04:
           d6:5b:e5:f6:2c:1b:ae:86:c4:73:02:44:85:d6:f7:ac:a3:e8:
           f6:a9:b5:5c:6d:46:88:da:55:b8:2b:7a:4c:0c:9a:e7:cd:5d:
           62:8a:ca:c8:96:ce:8d:71:7b:d2:c1:0d:9a:35:55:2b:84:3e:
           0e:a5:fa:d6:a0:76:8e:23:b3:df:c9:3b:4f:68:56:1e:e9:3c:
           79:5b:d3:25:54:11:ad:a6:ac:58:11:49:8f:4d:c4:c1:39:99:
           76:3a:a6:d1:2f:57:ad:bf:7c:9d:57:cc:37:0d:29:84:29:7b:
           cb:46:85:c3:81:c5:33:9a:65:c3:2f:01:48:ca:44:6c:f1:84:
           3d:d0:49:c2:c1:05:db:77:4c:b9:72:3d:6f:ce:69:f2:91:c6:
           15:25:8f:da:38:7e:ef:5b:3e:5f:35:ab:a6:78:16:28:42:c1:
           2c:2f:9e:11:53:2c:bd:c4:24:7b:e9:c4:ce:3d:d6:41:c7:5d:
           92:91:c3:37:cb:72:44:d7:0d:70:85:13:0b:ac:b3:0f:b0:e5:
           e3:2e:48:b9:9c:b8:d7:3e:7c:50:69:03:7a:5f:ae:f8:6c:09:
           61:97:6b:ce:cd:e5:f0:55:fe:05:f8:97:1d:9e:81:65:f5:ff:
           9a:7a:8c:96:d8:f8:cf:d8:dc:55:ce:67:7a:00:6b:fd:bb:3f:
           1b:3d:65:94:c1:5a:b6:a0:8e:be:a4:be:26:90:5f:1f:06:d4:
           ea:3f:a6:97:40:8e:bf:18:5c:92:0f:15:e3:05:4a:14:51:1e:
           23:81:ef:cf:f7:a8:88:75:f8:2d:28:37:26:87:27:63:5c:01:
           53:0e:5e:53:d2:a7:18:eb:2f:c0:82:49:05:b0:4d:33:6f:94:
           10:91:77:f8:90:9e:ca:fe:bb:3d:c4:42:d6:89:84:98:42:f4:
           24:b3:b4:db:5e:2b:66:a9:ff:6c:18:d4:79:f8:72:73:53:9b:
           02:ed:04:73:77:a4:68:cf:4b:be:4b:16:50:62:87:f9:49:99:
           e3:a1:0c:42:92:bc:a9:e3:2d:22:82:35:7f:71:15:88:70:6a:
           01:ab:44:64:ad:e5:52:d4:97:ee:bb:44:7b:6e:08:7f:dd:94:
           fd:c9:1c:6b:59:d1:92:51:29:03:ce:ec:bf:41:a5:14:69:54:
           3a:b4:39:d9:44:5d:f1:b2:f4:5c:6b:9f:c9:5f:bb:fc:c8:c7:
           a3:8b:e1:ec:e2:d0:69:5a:40:1c:9c:9d:8a:3d:77:3b:c1:5d:
           c0:72:61:4b:37:c5:96:8c:6d:8b:f8:56:da:ac:3e:3c:72:09:
           ce:f6:c3:fe:5d:cf:37:d9:68:cd:a7:dd:f7:96:63:da:8c:1d:
           df:b8:32:cf:eb:97:11:83:fe:6b:aa:b9:e2:4b:b2:ea:62:73:
           c3:1c:e9:40:90:56:4f:12:c3:ba:f4:2b:d9:1c:50:cc:e0:51:
           d8:eb:bf:67:28:0c:2d:13:8d:b3:6f:13:6a:1d:a7:54:20:ba:
           82:5b:b8:e5:1f:89:f1:67:26:c1:dc:1b:60:57:ed:a6:2c:f2:
           17:01:7f:a5:e7:5c:64:c9:3c:08:f2:cf:48:ec:88:84:ef:03:
           c2:f5:eb:05:31:7d:fe:7f:3c:71:41:28:17:64:5f:b9:ec:54:
           79:d0:b3:98:fb:84:9c:36:8b:43:0b:d4:c9:ec:09:4a:70:13:
           62:f2:36:c8:b4:75:cc:2a:77:08:a0:9d:ef:19:d6:88:dc:e2:
           b2:4e:40:61:71:cb:c7:c3:de:16:6f:49:7f:5e:d5:17:00:00:
           00:05:79:47:12:9f:ce:eb:1d:a8:fd:0d:b0:18:44:6a:ef:54:
           28:46:e4:19:f6:2d:3e:74:bb:9d:36:0a:ae:67:4a:28:7a:1b:
           80:39:a0:08:2a:28:a0:ec:55:ee:55:aa:a1:cc:94:d4:36:1a:
           b3:57:25:30:ad:2c:5e:63:ba:22:fc:aa:7a:59:64:f6:d8:03:
           20:28:71:f9:dc:09:fa:4c:81:b9:64:1b:ad:ea:cb:db:18:17:
           5d:d8:98:bd:d2:8d:c5:04:7c:5b:92:9a:89:f6:bc:d6:55:c7:
           08:5d:3c:58:8e:18:ac:6f:88:a8:d7:9e:d4:ee:5d:f5:21:4e:
           a5:8b:19:5f:e3:f4:66:f9:25:4d:f9:c6:60:62:31:72:5c:34:
           34:67:1a:a7:6a:7d:54:a3:d8:9b:1f:5b:f8:08:41:79:5b:43

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIGnjCCAXagAwIBAgIJAOiR1gaRT87zMA0GCyqGSIb3DQEJEAMRMD8xCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIDAJWQTEQMA4GA1UEBwwHSGVybmRvbjERMA8GA1UECgwI
   Qm9ndXMgQ0EwHhcNMjQwNTE0MDg1ODExWhcNMzQwNTE0MDg1ODExWjA/MQswCQYD
   VQQGEwJVUzELMAkGA1UECAwCVkExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0hlcm5kb24xETAPBgNVBAoM
   CEJvZ3VzIENBME4wDQYLKoZIhvcNAQkQAxEDPQAAAAABAAAABQAAAATAlhKL6jgw
   eOv2+0PXf5+egTnifLk0Tm5TGfDuaHWFg9Mr6XsURp5OxeNaGAsw5ROjYzBhMB0G
   A1UdDgQWBBRYFav0zwNpAmB6V03F1bNyihkhaDAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBRYFav0zwNp
   AmB6V03F1bNyihkhaDAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/MA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIBBjAN
   BgsqhkiG9w0BCRADEQOCBREAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEnDdS/7nX3/VbAbpQwlDMb/Ox
   c98MKuqz7ZYezudYBdqNp3chQjLZ+UpN9ysYKhxcaQPzHJyVbTGaycqETa6zi8Nx
   rD+HUb44tL/Z3JAfHlS9+RplcNRGtq1NbRa5+yn044ZCSj+kjwGEm0QLIyKcl23V
   uSY5EatGgr0QbLR6ZO3HQLAz8LWBHLRBVJww2dKTukiMT9AlQWB7kF4SILcwFhYe
   t+7YS+7tPHD8/zYYqiQjh5FlqJUtthzRAntwgYoYF8BFYv5HoT5pVDFnWJrh48mN
   7h4q0UZ16eSQZwFXklTbtOrei+fr/CeAm9Xa4I6wswjKb6Ec9EBlsPb4yaeXBMh8
   nlbsL0vNRYvX5qdQx+YhLBcxIxF6rpq1hF/mXIKZqDqpkYeaJFyDAZF8/M2+LpJQ
   +xIRlggNySQNu2/7WQWvf5a8o/RY4voKSvJM97Mbgd1KQaCx3VJMu23AqNm7Kcj8
   4374auVexOTofAsAhxV1ogZQl8YfFFJ5BKic7LHHakYzmLhj96cs1GJ4lBxdnU+m
   Cq45UIWyCY1iyUwRnwyRpawtEb1xtgzqNJhT/C7Me6ScLnqkjeLojAGpnD61NHcz
   ggHU73IE1lvl9iwbrobEcwJEhdb3rKPo9qm1XG1GiNpVuCt6TAya581dYorKyJbO
   jXF70sENmjVVK4Q+DqX61qB2jiOz38k7T2hWHuk8eVvTJVQRraasWBFJj03EwTmZ
   djqm0S9Xrb98nVfMNw0phCl7y0aFw4HFM5plwy8BSMpEbPGEPdBJwsEF23dMuXI9
   b85p8pHGFSWP2jh+71s+XzWrpngWKELBLC+eEVMsvcQke+nEzj3WQcddkpHDN8ty
   RNcNcIUTC6yzD7Dl4y5IuZy41z58UGkDel+u+GwJYZdrzs3l8FX+BfiXHZ6BZfX/
   mnqMltj4z9jcVc5negBr/bs/Gz1llMFatqCOvqS+JpBfHwbU6j+ml0COvxhckg8V
   4wVKFFEeI4Hvz/eoiHX4LSg3JocnY1wBUw5eU9KnGOsvwIJJBbBNM2+UEJF3+JCe
   yv67PcRC1omEmEL0JLO0214rZqn/bBjUefhyc1ObAu0Ec3ekaM9LvksWUGKH+UmZ
   46EMQpK8qeMtIoI1f3EViHBqAatEZK3lUtSX7rtEe24If92U/ckca1nRklEpA87s
   v0GlFGlUOrQ52URd8bL0XGufyV+7/MjHo4vh7OLQaVpAHJydij13O8FdwHJhSzfF
   loxti/hW2qw+PHIJzvbD/l3PN9lozafd95Zj2owd37gyz+uXEYP+a6q54kuy6mJz
   wxzpQJBWTxLDuvQr2RxQzOBR2Ou/ZygMLRONs28Tah2nVCC6glu45R+J8Wcmwdwb
   YFftpizyFwF/pedcZMk8CPLPSOyIhO8DwvXrBTF9/n88cUEoF2RfuexUedCzmPuE
   nDaLQwvUyewJSnATYvI2yLR1zCp3CKCd7xnWiNzisk5AYXHLx8PeFm9Jf17VFwAA
   AAV5RxKfzusdqP0NsBhEau9UKEbkGfYtPnS7nTYKrmdKKHobgDmgCCoooOxV7lWq
   ocyU1DYas1clMK0sXmO6Ivyqellk9tgDIChx+dwJ+kyBuWQbrerL2xgXXdiYvdKN
   xQR8W5Kaifa81lXHCF08WI4YrG+IqNee1O5d9SFOpYsZX+P0ZvklTfnGYGIxclw0
   NGcap2p9VKPYmx9b+AhBeVtD
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Appendix B.  XMSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example

   This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using XMSS.

   Certificate:
       Data:
           Version: 3 (0x2)
           Serial Number:
               54:7e:64:70:29:9e:03:c5:7a:a5:5c:78:d1:27:87:8c:
               54:35:17:5d
           Signature Algorithm: xmss
           Issuer: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSS CA
           Validity
               Not Before: Jul 10 08:27:24 2024 GMT
               Not After : Jul  8 08:27:24 2034 GMT
           Subject: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSS CA
           Subject Public Key Info:
               Public Key Algorithm: xmss
                   xmss public key:
                   PQ key material:
                       00:00:00:01:2b:eb:bf:66:14:de:6f:96:5b:4d:2a:
                       50:00:7b:ad:5c:22:b0:13:79:72:02:14:a9:5f:fc:
                       96:e0:9b:78:8e:d6:be:8c:1c:70:3c:d8:dd:78:b2:
                       1a:14:47:be:1f:0d:74:72:3f:36:76:c2:cb:19:ad:
                       29:90:0b:82:de:9b:7f:df
           X509v3 extensions:
               X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                   62:CE:35:A5:47:77:FF:21:87:2E:BC:2D:27:E7:8E:F4:
                   35:6B:CF:D8
               X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                   62:CE:35:A5:47:77:FF:21:87:2E:BC:2D:27:E7:8E:F4:
                   35:6B:CF:D8
               X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                   CA:TRUE
               X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                   Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
       Signature Algorithm: xmss
       Signature Value:
           00:00:00:00:e5:88:a8:b8:73:ad:4d:92:f8:5c:81:c5:8a:63:
           57:6a:a7:3b:54:aa:b6:06:8a:d9:f1:c2:0b:c8:27:1e:4b:a2:
           cf:e2:da:44:ea:e8:f2:40:a8:b9:54:9c:49:36:12:24:df:74:
           ad:e5:29:ef:4f:da:88:0d:21:5d:3b:64:63:27:d0:84:b5:95:
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   4pCeue0h29l+3txia0Rrn4HFdzmOHXgw3txTgODD+vqUaCiRmIb/hgSpvVh8MTcf
   25op88FIECBxX/w1E+t7EuJ9HMyX/o9cot320qOy6lGz77EeeQsAU/TyUnVa1xfF
   MaBUTisoLE9reic6LATasx0ETqROlFyokXCrwEt1n7NqqU6KIul//exT52ptMguL
   q0znfXLsBGIcGkUeM443rmovyPvzae0RAfP0V+kp1TsMnAzEy8M4XAHn1jHD2M4k
   175xm8iWE8pcXeSSQK+GoEv/p1U5cP2sCuGHxwFLw0E2xsYzj08lSo1wkqx8lcxJ
   qdzWamdSpVt/L7uR477WKPwi0HJm6AlzpyPGpok4C+XQs/FAOJxNF5YRF0Tv45RR
   kUxd/tntw3agLTvcjbkxFfZ1WHQvV7QpISltX+sGcQr02//GLxZzp3Zr0FunIVz9
   8BHob5vQycn+NXZKSmObukisr0+RZ5xcR9jjLQMSXvHLVjR1aZWtaJZs50qRcvub
   uuiSVvuaW107ndPFxFJCG/lKR0Ldd0naK73XlF97uGS5BjJ86tE29pW4V0EbbmYx
   LO6HelwZL9iVShaTSPOXJT0kYR7QYzfuOsmjRsWUoH4kzH9yjRSePDPszZrdtQiQ
   mBmVhTj//9Iev6bElxMrPUfpV1nTfZkBblNNwIKX+4nWfLcjDn1uI4hTBo8W/0AK
   G83VHpEBPnc6X8FXOnvG1VHX4uyJEmudA+Sdu31OAr9njQPKkFbwmpdLAi1MMYmC
   dpf+L9UKPeoNOGwwdV+ukVPXRWTfugsigESFbQ5cKX+CnlSjepW+lnlmnVui1i5H
   xpl9KzLc8rYCkW1j1JNFYMRCcRCe+5Av5nVxznhwwdr/4Uf+eSuOmoG/3QLjeDlx
   F7MjFBGdKY4hoZiwrANabJ5iZO9PA8o3pu3keNUNmSn1XGHmSMuXDl75LPa2x3wM
   pPca92e1XAO/v3riTaKbXV1fUdDWUo8qIGgIu/CcBQ7vs0kMKh2P+QO3YQlxiH3i
   jOS4rJgbw4BVoWvdE6IpT5OT09UBMT97OQ46V2zrXGpfG62XvZcjGJEFDiu0sRHu
   +FjHCNDeoj66VI09Y9qRUDokjRkYIy7PMI1d4+cCk/rI+OoF5usGgJBNFVg9JpgT
   S7Cs3ZAu0OHrcTKDXSqpubUk/OnsGMrJoQVZPvqv7U6Gsf5AR5tCd6+cK6DiPv1R
   qwJ36PE5RapUthTUFCD8NoHmBJiKoMCKz672tdy36yaG088cOGVUBLG1CUj1LQe6
   +OtJvdmxVOqswg0gEHnBy+ncLf9VUE/2BQJ4MTNvFX4kWmYjcLOyDBc5zhU4xf9g
   FjhgdHLJcNhZt4B/2vZnP9C6vhuhh9qSLaNsmSlXqsvRjWbxLclWYCRWSxmf9WWE
   iYZ9TYv4W2Ddry1mdmxm2cb1OSVs5XtDl2RcxSAePbXckrKc2Bsb4LxEe5yVxVNI
   kbKlRha/UK+lRMxUeD/tINguC0E98QSd3zxK14EE/4y3efhRjbcurCxU5vxDdo75
   voy4XK3EE6+wbjvRglce9VKEyszSaPMtBP8nCuai+sCpl9ZkRRhcb57BZCJm21YC
   w6hX/IcbXEMVjlj88gALT2pLoFza8uUbgkpr79tj132THS8geDcXIoLNa8GDYQWB
   mQwlKdZfIrwGZ31n
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Appendix C.  XMSS^MT X.509 v3 Certificate Example

   This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using XMSS^MT.

   Certificate:
       Data:
           Version: 3 (0x2)
           Serial Number:
               5c:22:ad:8a:06:51:9e:67:02:6a:2d:43:3e:8b:c7:23:
               43:77:80:c8
           Signature Algorithm: xmssmt
           Issuer: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSSMT CA
           Validity
               Not Before: Jul 10 08:28:04 2024 GMT
               Not After : Jul  8 08:28:04 2034 GMT
           Subject: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSSMT CA
           Subject Public Key Info:
               Public Key Algorithm: xmssmt
                   xmssmt public key:
                   PQ key material:
                       00:00:00:01:4b:a7:89:11:6f:fc:1d:fb:d3:e7:71:
                       73:b8:a2:48:ef:53:b9:9d:1f:c6:8a:7c:be:4f:8a:
                       29:fa:41:fd:bd:da:20:7f:f6:3b:b0:c5:b8:a7:c2:
                       f2:5a:f2:26:14:eb:36:f0:26:2f:87:74:fb:0e:d5:
                       7e:17:a0:d1:4d:b6:cf:51
           X509v3 extensions:
               X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                   7C:7D:59:B8:95:61:D5:03:6A:1E:3D:F1:24:AB:1D:ED:
                   04:CD:DB:5F
               X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                   7C:7D:59:B8:95:61:D5:03:6A:1E:3D:F1:24:AB:1D:ED:
                   04:CD:DB:5F
               X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                   CA:TRUE
               X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                   Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
       Signature Algorithm: xmssmt
       Signature Value:
           00:00:00:57:c4:98:89:ff:d9:0a:8e:6e:6f:16:95:8c:ec:35:
           42:21:c2:ca:56:ed:f8:81:f1:b2:4f:2b:6d:73:f4:37:55:fc:
           f4:4e:15:eb:6b:90:de:34:fe:d6:96:70:94:8d:c1:e7:4a:32:
           49:30:3a:40:a4:67:d2:fb:da:f8:d8:a1:7a:48:22:1c:e3:98:
           bc:d0:68:85:29:c9:e5:f7:5c:56:d8:9c:80:be:68:ed:11:eb:
           39:0f:ef:cb:09:b2:28:30:a6:2b:05:bc:de:11:22:be:c4:dc:
           08:9a:3d:b4:49:37:1f:54:5e:5f:2d:93:62:b0:95:c5:5d:23:
           92:f3:55:40:78:19:00:56:9e:a2:f1:0e:4b:ae:75:d6:92:09:
           b1:79:ec:c9:18:67:19:09:86:83:74:5d:0a:06:ab:da:f0:af:
           02:97:4d:d7:73:06:8b:a2:84:c7:09:af:dd:8b:15:39:e4:30:
           9f:c9:00:25:a8:33:4d:de:e8:25:b6:35:0b:51:bf:7a:34:a7:
           e8:84:e8:fa:39:5b:aa:37:6e:95:89:ac:26:4a:4e:ca:be:29:
           08:4b:3c:28:a7:85:6a:ad:5a:d2:93:eb:12:e1:9a:87:1c:40:
           3b:cf:15:6c:43:4e:88:21:54:52:7e:0d:6d:17:29:8d:15:6f:
           ef:42:5a:a9:25:d0:97:80:61:31:22:a4:9f:25:17:51:ad:0b:
           a1:cb:93:b4:f5:a6:b0:22:1b:6d:50:64:2a:48:bd:05:16:88:
           00:e3:7b:56:d0:03:b3:7a:2d:6a:0b:f3:de:a2:8c:6e:81:80:
           2c:8f:e9:d8:78:ed:5b:99:c9:13:d1:b6:eb:78:c3:40:2b:a1:
           7a:84:0a:ba:12:87:5e:1d:38:24:22:8f:c0:a3:65:1c:1c:ce:
           2d:8e:e5:2f:1f:be:93:5c:fe:1c:cd:a8:9d:7e:7e:cf:18:e2:
           9c:c5:54:dc:62:61:74:23:55:64:66:21:96:4c:a7:2e:8a:94:
           a6:35:10:a5:e8:5e:6e:91:ac:a8:cb:ed:51:2b:66:45:03:f5:
           87:ed:4d:8c:4e:6d:54:80:a1:33:8a:84:9d:23:31:90:c6:05:
           11:a7:9d:bd:51:0a:73:47:bc:08:49:11:b3:98:ff:01:14:69:
           d7:c0:a0:0c:55:e4:5e:e2:fa:84:ac:27:b3:85:2c:99:71:52:
           9c:33:f8:9d:8c:d2:13:bc:6e:18:79:15:a7:02:ee:15:eb:27:
           d8:af:24:38:02:9c:ca:30:f3:e2:30:41:2f:62:a2:2c:a5:81:
           1b:71:6d:b1:94:bd:c6:3d:9e:5e:51:45:de:5b:f4:d7:e6:35:
           e7:d8:7c:d5:98:ec:7e:0e:f8:9d:c1:a7:7b:b3:65:b1:a1:4b:
           2d:ec:d9:12:45:6b:1f:0b:1c:6b:3b:0a:66:76:39:f4:cc:9b:
           e1:b7:17:f7:53:fc:c3:a6:18:f7:2e:45:52:b1:18:99:75:d1:
           69:bb:77:c8:1a:84:5f:06:b5:8b:cb:02:b0:b2:0f:bf:17:18:
           65:3d:a7:72:5b:71:9f:92:7e:3a:df:84:cc:65:5c:c4:5b:70:
           fd:cc:38:9e:12:6e:f9:ff:1f:02:fc:ca:f5:68:86:fc:ca:71:
           f1:3d:7b:32:b4:d4:c3:a2:20:16:3f:12:07:71:95:3b:d4:b1:
           1e:fc:8c:1f:34:8c:c8:ab:8c:bb:75:93:c1:1a:d2:85:3e:9a:
           e6:04:86:88:de:27:46:ca:f3:f7:f3:8e:54:18:ea:aa:ae:14:
           02:b1:4a:6a:e0:24:77:40:28:8d:37:27:9c:87:6a:81:09:d2:
           01:4d:20:7f:de:84:a8:80:8c:8e:63:82:be:66:df:87:30:5c:
           b8:71:0a:e9:91:68:71:6e:97:97:f0:27:4e:fa:ae:6a:85:ac:
           80:cd:38:48:49:c1:2b:9d:db:54:c5:f0:bf:fa:06:e8:96:3a:
           c0:95:f0:88:bd:8e:80:78:3d:dc:ad:5d:0a:56:dd:c7:80:9f:
           fc:64:58:4d:6d:27:f6:d7:1a:8c:b2:1c:09:ea:7d:4f:74:99:
           0d:4a:0c:b8:b0:ef:74:dd:6f:6f:dc:e5:83:e1:e3:c2:e8:58:
           17:b8:44:8a:2d:ec:df:54:f6:1f:67:a2:b3:c5:19:fb:b9:c7:
           1b:3c:ea:bd:2c:e1:43:65:d1:5a:17:dc:93:9d:c5:85:0c:55:
           34:13:49:15:92:e2:52:14:d1:81:aa:62:02:1a:ba:c9:b0:53:
           85:8e:7b:d1:4e:34:76:ac:79:d7:b3:48:92:bf:55:7e:2d:5c:
           cd:32:9b:c1:41:a7:a3:cd:b7:94:5c:96:1e:3e:27:4d:eb:f0:
           61:4b:a4:e3:3c:bb:69:85:37:e9:9c:98:f4:68:7a:61:77:8c:
           bd:b9:30:d6:f1:fd:69:78:3f:96:99:7b:69:39:90:b3:7c:b6:
           88:ed:cd:19:da:42:64:e5:32:4c:a2:30:f7:c4:e8:27:93:70:
           ed:fa:5e:ca:8e:7a:d1:13:af:15:b1:59:c9:9b:91:61:0b:06:
           d5:cc:2e:80:bb:49:93:dd:be:53:88:be:af:80:64:7c:5e:be:
           7b:8b:e7:5f:39:af:ab:67:42:6b:06:aa:ef:d6:69:af:a9:00:
           1f:a0:15:10:04:3e:db:93:b2:37:db:eb:85:59:43:a2:8d:8f:
           06:8c:cb:a2:1d:a8:3c:9f:f4:a4:7c:c8:cd:ff:f0:a8:79:0f:
           e7:d8:94:67:ec:17:3f:fa:6e:04:07:4f:bf:86:04:6c:fc:46:
           87:b5:10:85:a4:07:e8:af:a9:ec:5d:28:5c:80:8c:31:cc:c7:
           b3:81:17:0b:4b:7d:1c:9e:74:02:1e:ef:de:0d:1b:c1:c0:04:
           4d:46:fd:dc:0b:a4:c6:33:e6:85:0a:60:39:4d:0b:f9:49:44:
           33:e0:15:99:19:bf:c7:8a:c6:96:04:93:37:6b:5d:e8:be:73:
           d4:80:b8:81:0f:9a:91:44:cf:72:02:d3:c9:f8:e0:7d:d2:9b:
           2b:ff:eb:42:6e:38:7e:dc:cd:a7:90:c5:2c:2b:a0:23:37:b9:
           64:10:a6:27:68:47:c5:f1:e8:8d:41:c1:49:e8:35:48:ce:c8:
           08:4c:ad:f2:ad:5d:e9:62:eb:c9:3c:61:85:18:c6:34:73:fd:
           26:a4:f0:50:83:9b:64:54:aa:55:6c:d8:a2:21:81:ff:9c:27:
           39:1f:c3:a2:0e:e5:53:b1:d7:fa:1f:ef:29:8b:c2:90:98:ea:
           2e:dd:45:bf:c3:6c:a3:93:47:99:03:18:25:e8:a5:ee:2e:77:
           eb:7f:f4:49:49:59:98:c1:fc:ab:1e:ad:20:bd:f8:24:fd:21:
           1b:da:5a:07:55:c8:50:05:31:50:93:b2:f8:6e:db:73:4d:5f:
           34:aa:f3:34:83:90:f0:41:6d:c8:43:56:d1:75:07:f5:16:20:
           b3:99:b2:c7:34:25:c4:0e:74:5a:51:0f:7b:3b:7f:6a:a9:41:
           17:b5:47:62:2d:4f:b9:61:97:60:e9:ae:ca:ad:31:6e:4b:0a:
           47:9c:53:66:a3:4e:c3:96:7c:01:a0:8e:ae:83:45:42:e6:92:
           12:8e:97:6f:e8:a0:b7:7d:a6:74:24:aa:20:b0:fa:9e:98:e8:
           7c:b4:da:30:e9:94:08:96:b7:b9:53:4f:75:5f:0c:4d:82:e3:
           cf:6e:bc:fa:23:4f:fa:33:17:7c:98:b6:1e:47:89:3e:d9:a1:
           aa:42:19:25:ae:9e:3f:53:44:ac:91:96:d8:55:c3:40:1d:fa:
           ad:86:38:62:bd:27:2f:26:34:be:ad:9a:01:44:42:c8:54:a5:
           3a:e9:0a:ff:f8:41:6d:38:1e:e2:3d:08:3a:94:4f:1e:60:d0:
           b1:c2:8e:94:34:f0:30:3e:f0:91:25:ee:98:34:b4:8d:95:4e:
           cf:ed:1d:61:89:c9:59:10:68:f2:bc:2e:5c:bd:c0:0f:1d:9c:
           2f:7c:c0:27:25:14:9b:de:a3:74:64:28:14:2c:a2:b2:90:3a:
           a4:6a:50:e9:8e:ca:78:e5:b6:74:56:e0:92:69:7d:b4:2e:e0:
           e7:66:92:16:92:a0:c3:db:4f:d3:d0:57:4d:4a:28:ee:b7:cc:
           04:ef:17:d9:fc:01:bb:1e:b2:5b:02:3d:1f:5a:85:73:a1:81:
           96:b7:33:5d:79:e5:6b:c9:29:73:34:01:69:ea:57:f0:01:be:
           4e:f3:5c:f3:0a:a7:37:08:ad:18:9c:c7:4c:59:d0:5d:bb:01:
           f1:53:76:cb:cd:d9:84:5e:bc:22:11:76:01:d9:e3:af:17:03:
           01:ef:38:4c:ad:c1:7d:a9:c6:61:2b:ba:9c:81:95:86:af:bb:
           73:90:dc:d9:2f:d1:3f:95:6a:b9:46:0f:fb:84:64:7c:7d:86:
           65:aa:10:71:56:19:5f:60:52:7f:19:fa:d5:5a:e0:90:e4:b9:
           62:55:71:2a:61:f9:37:2f:5e:07:71:43:cf:06:ca:6a:d5:52:
           c8:33:e1:ad:b2:3e:a4:61:01:00:bc:55:5d:0a:f3:e6:4f:35:
           06:c4:a8:3f:4c:8b:9b:c9:41:4b:f4:c1:57:ee:3c:c0:44:68:
           52:5a:2d:b9:a7:f2:41:da:c4:8d:7d:db:40:b6:fc:47:63:5a:
           69:a1:c7:8c:cc:3f:af:51:94:37:95:58:82:79:d2:16:4a:bf:
           12:0b:59:a5:a5:11:71:e6:1c:63:3b:ea:f0:2f:10:e0:97:9a:
           a1:04:53:d0:72:f4:3c:77:3b:78:ee:b5:aa:6b:f5:bb:5c:e9:
           35:4f:69:65:87:29:24:ec:47:7b:78:5a:a7:c1:e5:f1:73:7d:
           4d:79:ef:ef:4e:75:87:db:8f:36:fd:50:3e:74:dc:17:d4:c3:
           3f:4f:82:24:51:1b:12:16:26:61:db:93:15:19:39:55:f5:05:
           2c:6e:85:dd:b2:cc:4f:c0:09:0a:76:46:d8:e4:f2:11:92:a1:
           e0:36:a8:25:c7:45:19:6c:98:eb:9a:fa:c1:ec:80:18:ce:d1:
           f8:c4:23:9a:f9:b8:1f:05:67:8e:45:cb:e6:ee:0b:fa:db:67:
           1f:62:2c:49:78:bb:55:98:1e:33:42:63:f2:db:ee:73:f7:60:
           80:6d:5f:9a:e8:8c:89:39:5b:b2:84:e2:c3:99:77:f3:5f:19:
           ec:b8:2b:ce:60:59:2c:66:06:f9:c1:43:b9:fd:94:35:9e:28:
           9d:a0:8e:fd:0d:c6:1a:bb:20:93:b0:63:6a:83:2f:0a:db:c2:
           b3:8e:b1:dd:f5:ab:19:09:53:7a:db:72:3f:1e:25:07:eb:1a:
           7d:21:da:88:22:e6:f0:ba:b3:15:6f:95:f3:72:d2:cb:6d:48:
           b8:ba:7b:aa:40:7f:81:fe:ba:15:c2:77:9d:86:58:bc:7d:89:
           2e:7b:3a:96:04:9f:f1:3a:50:48:5a:25:4d:91:b6:ed:de:f6:
           2e:4d:e5:77:11:6d:76:f4:23:5f:91:f0:0f:79:59:7a:f3:32:
           24:11:c4:88:30:21:26:3b:f1:79:0f:04:06:ad:82:6d:ea:58:
           4e:aa:4e:0a:7f:7b:5c:a5:ab:de:76:a9:a9:c7:d9:e3:eb:d6:
           84:80:02:ab:da:4c:5b:49:90:29:c5:cb:5b:1c:06:61:e8:9a:
           cf:a4:ea:9d:31:16:6a:21:3a:d9:22:25:b8:39:9d:4c:e3:86:
           76:a8:dd:d8:b4:db:88:f9:5e:61:c3:1d:87:df:a9:31:33:7a:
           b3:50:3e:f2:cd:ad:a0:9d:98:5f:6c:e2:f0:d8:27:b9:c2:37:
           7f:8d:b4:f8:84:13:5f:22:6d:9b:81:bd:1c:e5:75:ae:b5:95:
           d1:cb:d0:c6:e3:78:ec:8c:71:6d:8c:5d:40:79:7d:58:3d:5c:
           63:77:cc:2e:a2:63:a9:71:30:2f:59:2a:ec:82:b1:e5:b9:d6:
           bf:fb:21:e6:97:fc:70:45:9a:c7:e8:d2:81:73:b1:f5:bc:76:
           ca:b4:be:9f:39:b5:2d:f2:3e:c5:32:e3:ae:3c:fd:74:a1:36:
           5a:5c:4d:f6:de:d2:d5:66:61:74:88:2e:4b:69:7c:29:2f:e0:
           2a:d6:d8:93:99:41:bc:7b:7f:fc:c3:1c:84:ed:16:c0:08:78:
           fb:57:61:9e:83:7a:d1:e9:b7:ad:9a:85:1c:c3:ba:a3:e4:18:
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   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Acknowledgments

   Thanks to Russ Housley, Panos Kampanakis, Michael StJohns, and Corey
   Bonnell for their helpful suggestions and reviews.

   This document uses a lot of text from similar documents, including:
   [SP800208], [RFC3279] and [RFC8410], as well as [RFC9708].  Thanks
   goes to the authors of those documents.  "Copying always makes things
   easier and less error prone" [RFC8411].

Authors' Addresses

   Daniel Van Geest
   CryptoNext Security
   Email: daniel.vangeest@cryptonext-security.com


   Kaveh Bashiri
   BSI
   Email: kaveh.bashiri.ietf@gmail.com


   Scott Fluhrer
   Cisco Systems
   Email: sfluhrer@cisco.com


   Stefan-Lukas Gazdag
   genua GmbH
   Email: ietf@gazdag.de


   Stavros Kousidis
   BSI
   Email: kousidis.ietf@gmail.com
