<?xml version='1.0'encoding='utf-8'?>encoding='UTF-8'?> <!-- draft submitted in xml v3 --> <!DOCTYPE rfc [ <!ENTITY nbsp " "> <!ENTITY zwsp "​"> <!ENTITY nbhy "‑"> <!ENTITY wj "⁠"> ]><?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="rfc2629.xslt" ?><!-- generated by https://github.com/cabo/kramdown-rfc version 1.6.22 (Ruby 3.1.3) --><?rfc docmapping="yes"?><rfc xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" xml:lang="en" ipr="trust200902" docName="draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-15" number="9438" submissionType="IETF" category="std" consensus="true"submissionType="IETF"obsoletes="8312" updates="5681" tocInclude="true" sortRefs="true" symRefs="true" version="3"> <!-- xml2rfc v2v3 conversion 3.16.0 --> <front> <title abbrev="TCP CUBIC">CUBIC for Fast and Long-Distance Networks</title> <seriesInfoname="Internet-Draft" value="draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-15"/>name="RFC" value="9438"/> <author initials="L." surname="Xu" fullname="Lisong Xu"> <organization abbrev="UNL">University of Nebraska-Lincoln</organization> <address> <postal> <street>Department of Computer Science and Engineering</street> <city>Lincoln</city> <region>NE</region> <code>68588-0115</code><country>USA</country><country>United States of America</country> </postal> <email>xu@unl.edu</email> <uri>https://cse.unl.edu/~xu/</uri> </address> </author> <author initials="S." surname="Ha" fullname="Sangtae Ha"> <organization abbrev="Colorado">University of Colorado at Boulder</organization> <address> <postal> <street>Department of Computer Science</street> <city>Boulder</city> <region>CO</region> <code>80309-0430</code><country>USA</country><country>United States of America</country> </postal> <email>sangtae.ha@colorado.edu</email> <uri>https://netstech.org/sangtaeha/</uri> </address> </author> <author initials="I." surname="Rhee" fullname="Injong Rhee"> <organization abbrev="Bowery">Bowery Farming</organization> <address> <postal> <street>151 W26TH26th Street,12TH12th Floor</street> <city>New York</city> <region>NY</region> <code>10001</code><country>USA</country><country>United States of America</country> </postal> <email>injongrhee@gmail.com</email> </address> </author> <author initials="V." surname="Goel" fullname="Vidhi Goel"> <organization>Apple Inc.</organization> <address> <postal> <street>One Apple Park Way</street> <city>Cupertino</city><region>California</region><region>CA</region> <code>95014</code><country>USA</country><country>United States of America</country> </postal> <email>vidhi_goel@apple.com</email> </address> </author> <author initials="L." surname="Eggert" fullname="Lars Eggert" role="editor"> <organization>NetApp</organization> <address> <postal> <street>Stenbergintie 12 B</street> <city>Kauniainen</city> <code>02700</code><country>FI</country><country>Finland</country> </postal> <email>lars@eggert.org</email> <uri>https://eggert.org/</uri> </address> </author><date/> <area>Transport</area> <workgroup>TCPM</workgroup><date year="2023" month="August"/> <area>tsv</area> <workgroup>tcpm</workgroup> <keyword>Congestion control</keyword> <keyword>large BDP</keyword> <keyword>window scalability</keyword> <keyword>RTT fairness</keyword> <abstract> <t>CUBIC is a standard TCP congestion control algorithm that uses a cubic function instead of a linear congestion window increase function to improve scalability and stability over fast and long-distance networks. CUBIC has been adopted as the default TCP congestion control algorithm by the Linux, Windows, and Apple stacks.</t> <t>This document updates the specification of CUBIC to include algorithmic improvements based on these implementations and recent academic work. Based on the extensive deployment experience with CUBIC,itthis document also moves the specification to the StandardsTrack, obsoletingTrack and obsoletes RFC 8312. This document alsorequires updatingupdates RFC 5681, to allow for CUBIC's occasionally more aggressive sending behavior.</t> </abstract><note removeInRFC="true"> <name>About This Document</name> <t> Status information for this document may be found at <eref target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis/"/>. </t> <t> Discussion of this document takes place on the TCPM Working Group mailing list (<eref target="mailto:tcpm@ietf.org"/>), which is archived at <eref target="https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/tcpm/"/>. Subscribe at <eref target="https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tcpm/"/>. </t> <t>Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at <eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis"/>.</t> </note> <note> <name>Note to the RFC Editor</name> <t>xml2rfc currently renders <tt><em></em></tt> in the XML by surrounding the corresponding text with underscores. This is highly distracting; please manually remove the underscores when doing the final edits to the text version of this document.</t> <t>(There is an issue open against xml2rfc to stop doing this in the future: https://github.com/ietf-tools/xml2rfc/issues/596)</t> <t>Also, please manually change "Figure" to "Equation" for all artwork with anchors beginning with "eq" - xml2rfc doesn't seem to be able to do this.</t> </note></front> <middle> <section anchor="introduction"> <name>Introduction</name> <t>CUBIC has been adopted as the default TCP congestion control algorithm in the Linux, Windows, and Apple stacks, and has been used and deployed globally. Extensive, decade-long deployment experience in vastly different Internet scenarios has convincingly demonstrated that CUBIC is safe for deployment on the global Internet and delivers substantial benefits over classical Reno congestion control <xref target="RFC5681"/>. It is therefore to be regarded as the currently most widely deployed standard for TCP congestion control. CUBIC can also be used for other transport protocols such as QUIC <xref target="RFC9000"/> andSCTPthe Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) <xref target="RFC9260"/> as a default congestion controller.</t> <t>The design of CUBIC was motivated by the well-documented problem classical Reno TCP has with low utilization over fast and long-distance networks <xreftarget="K03"/><xreftarget="K03"/> <xref target="RFC3649"/>. This problem arises from a slow increase of the congestion window (cwnd) following a congestion event in a network with a large bandwidth-delay product (BDP). <xref target="HLRX07"/> indicates that this problem is frequently observed even in the range of congestion window sizes over several hundreds of packets. This problem is equally applicable to all Reno-style standards and their variants, including TCP-Reno <xref target="RFC5681"/>, TCP-NewReno <xreftarget="RFC6582"/><xreftarget="RFC6582"/> <xref target="RFC6675"/>, SCTP <xref target="RFC9260"/>,TFRCTCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC) <xref target="RFC5348"/>, and QUIC congestion control <xref target="RFC9002"/>, which use the same linear increase function for window growth. All Reno-style standards and their variants are collectively referred to as "Reno" in this document.</t> <t>CUBIC, originally proposed in <xref target="HRX08"/>, is a modification to the congestion control algorithm of classical Reno to remedy this problem. Specifically, CUBIC uses a cubic function instead of the linear window increase function of Reno to improve scalability and stability under fast and long-distance networks.</t> <t>This document updates the specification of CUBIC to include algorithmic improvements based on the Linux, Windows, and Apple implementations and recent academic work. Based on the extensive deployment experience with CUBIC, it also moves the specification to the Standards Track, obsoleting <xref target="RFC8312"/>. This requires an update to <xref section="3" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC5681"/>, which limits the aggressiveness of Reno TCP implementations. Since CUBIC is occasionally more aggressive than the algorithms defined in <xreftarget="RFC5681"/> algorithms,target="RFC5681"/>, this document updates the first paragraph of <xref section="3" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC5681"/>, replacing it with a normative reference to guideline (1) in <xref section="3" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC5033"/>, which allows for CUBIC's behavior as defined in this document.</t> <t>Specifically, CUBIC may increase the congestion window more aggressively than Reno during the congestion avoidance phase. According to <xref target="RFC5681"/>, during congestion avoidance, the sender must not increment cwnd by more thanSMSSSender Maximum Segment Size (SMSS) bytes once perRTT,round-trip time (RTT), whereas CUBIC may increase cwnd much more aggressively. Additionally, CUBIC recommends the HyStart++ algorithm <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-tcpm-hystartplusplus"/>target="RFC9406"/> for slow start, which allows for cwnd increases of more than SMSS bytes for incoming acknowledgments during slow start, while this behavior is not allowed as part of the standard behavior prescribed by <xreftarget="RFC5681"/> standard.</t>target="RFC5681"/>.</t> <t>Binary Increase Congestion Control (BIC-TCP) <xref target="XHR04"/>, a predecessor of CUBIC, was selected as the default TCP congestion control algorithm by Linux in the year 2005 and had been used for several years by the Internet community at large.</t> <t>CUBIC uses asimilarwindow increase functionassimilar to BIC-TCP and is designed to be less aggressive and fairer to Reno in bandwidth usage than BIC-TCP while maintaining the strengths of BIC-TCP such as stability, window scalability, andround-trip time (RTT) fairness.</t>RTT-fairness.</t> <t><xref target="RFC5033"/> documents the IETF's best current practices for specifying new congestion control algorithms,specifically, onesspecifically those that differ from the general congestion control principles outlined in <xref target="RFC2914"/>. It describes what type of evaluation is expected by the IETF to understand the suitability of a new congestion control algorithm and the processto enableof enabling a specification to be approved for widespread deployment in the global Internet.</t> <t>There are areas in which CUBIC differs from the congestion control algorithms previously published instandards-trackStandards Track RFCs; those changes are specified in this document. However, it is not obvious that these changes go beyond the general congestion control principles outlined in <xref target="RFC2914"/>, so the process documented in <xref target="RFC5033"/> may not apply.</t> <t>Also, the wide deployment of CUBIC on the Internet was driven by direct adoption in most of the popular operatingsystems,systems and did not follow the practices documented in <xref target="RFC5033"/>. However, due to the resulting Internet-scale deployment experience over a long period of time, the IETFhasdetermined that CUBICmaycould be published as astandards-trackStandards Track specification. This decision by the IETF does not alter the general guidance provided in <xref target="RFC2914"/>.</t> <t>The followingsections first brieflysections</t> <ol> <li>briefly explain the design principles ofCUBIC, provideCUBIC,</li> <li>provide the exact specification of CUBIC,and finally discussand</li> <li>discuss the safety features ofCUBICCUBIC, following the guidelines specified in <xreftarget="RFC5033"/>.</t>target="RFC5033"/>.</li> </ol> </section> <section anchor="conventions"> <name>Conventions</name> <t>The key words "<bcp14>MUST</bcp14>", "<bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>REQUIRED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>NOT RECOMMENDED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>MAY</bcp14>", and "<bcp14>OPTIONAL</bcp14>" in this document are to be interpreted as described inBCP 14BCP 14 <xref target="RFC2119"/> <xref target="RFC8174"/> when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.</t> </section> <section anchor="design-principles-of-cubic"> <name>Design Principles of CUBIC</name> <t>CUBIC is designed according to the following design principles:</t> <dl> <dt>Principle 1:</dt> <dd> <t>For better network utilization and stability, CUBIC uses both the concave and convex profiles of a cubic function to increase the congestion window size, instead of using just a convex function.</t> </dd> <dt>Principle 2:</dt> <dd> <t>To be Reno-friendly, CUBIC is designed to behave like Reno in networks with short RTTs and small bandwidth where Reno performs well.</t> </dd> <dt>Principle 3:</dt> <dd> <t>For RTT-fairness, CUBIC is designed to achieve linear bandwidth sharing among flows with different RTTs.</t> </dd> <dt>Principle 4:</dt> <dd> <t>CUBIC appropriately sets its multiplicative window decrease factor in order to achieve a balance betweenthescalability and convergence speed.</t> </dd> </dl> <section anchor="cubic-inc"> <name>Principle 1 for the CUBIC Increase Function</name> <t>For better network utilization and stability, CUBIC <xref target="HRX08"/> uses a cubic window increase function in terms of the elapsed time from the last congestion event. While mostalternativecongestion control algorithms that provide alternatives to Reno increase the congestion window using convex functions, CUBIC uses both the concave and convex profiles of a cubic function for window growth.</t> <t>After a window reduction in response to a congestion event detected by duplicateACKs,acknowledgments (ACKs), Explicit Congestion Notification-Echo(ECN-Echo, ECE)(ECN-Echo (ECE)) ACKs <xref target="RFC3168"/>, RACK-TLP for TCPRACK<xreftarget="RFC8985"/>target="RFC8985"/>, or QUIC loss detection <xref target="RFC9002"/>, CUBIC remembers the congestion window size at which it received the congestion event and performs a multiplicative decrease of the congestion window. When CUBIC enters into congestion avoidance, it starts to increase the congestion window using the concave profile of the cubic function. The cubic function is set to have its plateau at the remembered congestion window size, so that the concave window increase continues until then. After that, the cubic function turns into a convex profile and the convex window increase begins.</t> <t>This style of window adjustment (concave and then convex) improvesthealgorithm stability while maintaining high network utilization <xref target="CEHRX09"/>. This is because the window size remains almost constant, forming a plateau around the remembered congestion window size of the last congestion event, where network utilization is deemed highest. Under steady state, most window size samples of CUBIC are close to that remembered congestion window size, thus promoting high network utilization and stability.</t> <t>Note that congestion control algorithms that only use convex functions to increase the congestion window size have their maximum increments around the remembered congestion window size of the last congestionevent,event and thus introduce many packet bursts around the saturation point of the network, likely causing frequent global loss synchronizations.</t> </section> <section anchor="principle-2-for-reno-friendliness"> <name>Principle 2 for Reno-Friendliness</name> <t>CUBIC promotes per-flow fairness to Reno. Note that Reno performs well over paths with smallbandwidth-delay products,BDPs and only experiences problems when attempting to increase bandwidth utilization on paths with largebandwidth-delay products.</t>BDPs.</t> <t>A congestion control algorithm designed to be friendly to Reno on a per-flow basis must increase its congestion window less aggressively in small-BDP networks than in large-BDP networks.</t> <t>The aggressiveness of CUBIC mainly depends on the maximum window size before a window reduction, which is smaller in small-BDP networks than in large-BDP networks. Thus, CUBIC increases its congestion window less aggressively in small-BDP networks than in large-BDP networks.</t> <t>Furthermore, in cases when the cubic function of CUBIC would increase the congestion window less aggressively than Reno, CUBIC simply follows the window size of Reno to ensure that CUBIC achieves at least the same throughput as Reno in small-BDP networks. The region where CUBIC behaves like Reno is called the "Reno-friendly region".</t> </section> <section anchor="principle-3-for-rtt-fairness"> <name>Principle 3 forRTT Fairness</name>RTT-Fairness</name> <t>Two CUBIC flows with different RTTs have a throughput ratio that is linearly proportional to the inverse of their RTT ratio, where the throughput of a flow is approximately the size of its congestion window divided by its RTT.</t> <t>Specifically, CUBIC maintains a window increase rate that is independent of RTTs outside the Reno-friendly region, and thus flows with different RTTs have similar congestion window sizes under steady state when they operate outside the Reno-friendly region.</t> <t>This notion of a linear throughput ratio is similar to that of Reno under an asynchronous loss model, where flows with different RTTs have the same packet loss rate but experience loss events at different times. However, under a synchronous loss model, where flows with different RTTs experience loss events at the same time but have different packet loss rates, the throughput ratio of Reno flows with different RTTs is quadratically proportional to the inverse of their RTT ratio <xref target="XHR04"/>.</t> <t>CUBIC always ensures a linear throughput ratio that is independent of the loss environment. This is an improvement over Reno. While there is no consensus on the optimal throughput ratio for different RTT flows, over wired Internet paths, use of a linear throughput ratio seems more reasonable than equal throughputs (i.e., the same throughput for flows with different RTTs) or a higher-order throughput ratio (e.g., aquadraticalquadratic throughput ratio of Reno in synchronous loss environments).</t> </section> <section anchor="prin-beta"> <name>Principle 4 for the CUBIC Decrease Factor</name> <t>To achieve a balance between scalability and convergence speed, CUBIC sets the multiplicative window decrease factor to 0.7, whereas Reno uses 0.5.</t> <t>While this improves the scalability of CUBIC, a side effect of this decision is slower convergence, especially under low statistical multiplexing. This design choice is following the observation that HighSpeed TCP (HSTCP) <xref target="RFC3649"/> and other approaches (e.g., <xref target="GV02"/>) made: the current Internet becomes more asynchronous with less frequent loss synchronizations under high statistical multiplexing.</t> <t>In such environments, even strict Multiplicative-Increase Multiplicative-Decrease (MIMD) can converge. CUBIC flows with the same RTT always converge to the same throughputindependentindependently of statistical multiplexing, thus achieving intra-algorithm fairness. In environments with sufficient statistical multiplexing, the convergence speed of CUBIC is reasonable.</t> </section> </section> <section anchor="cubic-congestion-control"> <name>CUBIC Congestion Control</name> <t>This section discusses how the congestion window is updated during the different stages of the CUBIC congestion controller.</t> <section anchor="definitions"> <name>Definitions</name> <t>The unit of all window sizes in this document is segments of themaximum segment size (MSS),SMSS, and the unit of all times is seconds. Implementations can use bytes to express window sizes, which would require factoring in themaximum segment sizeSMSS wherever necessary and replacing <em>segments_acked</em> (<xref target="eq4"/>) with the number ofbytesacknowledgedin <xref target="eq4"/>.</t>bytes.</t> <section anchor="constants-of-interest"> <name>Constants of Interest</name><t><contact fullname="β" asciiFullname=""/><em><sub>cubic</sub></em>:<ul> <li><t>β<em><sub>cubic</sub></em>: CUBIC multiplicative decrease factor as described in <xreftarget="mult-dec"/>.</t> <t><contact fullname="α" asciiFullname=""/><em><sub>cubic</sub></em>:target="mult-dec"/>.</t></li> <li><t>α<em><sub>cubic</sub></em>: CUBIC additive increase factor used in the Reno-friendly region as described in <xreftarget="Reno-friendly"/>.</t> <t><em>C</em>: constanttarget="Reno-friendly"/>.</t></li> <li><t><em>C</em>: Constant that determines the aggressiveness of CUBIC in competing with other congestion control algorithms in high-BDP networks. 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<usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D45C"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D45C-gensym001" x="1301" y="0"/> <usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D45B"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D45B-gensym001" x="1760" y="0"/> <g transform="translate(2257,0)"> <usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D451"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D451-gensym001" x="0" y="0"/> <usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-33"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-33-gensym001" transform="scale(0.707)" x="753" y="408"/> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </artwork> <artwork type="ascii-art" align="center"><![CDATA[segment ─────── 3 second ]]></artwork> </artset> </section> <section anchor="variables-of-interest"> <name>Variables of Interest</name> <t>This section defines the variables required to implement CUBIC:</t><t><em>RTT</em>:<ul> <li><em>RTT</em>: Smoothed round-trip time in seconds, calculated as described in <xreftarget="RFC6298"/>.</t> <t><em>cwnd</em>:target="RFC6298"/>.</li> <li><em>cwnd</em>: Current congestion window insegments.</t> <t><em>ssthresh</em>:segments.</li> <li><em>ssthresh</em>: Current slow start threshold insegments.</t> <t><em>cwnd<sub>prior</sub></em>:segments.</li> <li><em>cwnd<sub>prior</sub></em>: Size of <em>cwnd</em> in segments at the time of setting <em>ssthresh</em> most recently, either upon exiting the first slowstart,start or just before <em>cwnd</em> was reduced in the last congestionevent.</t> <t><em>W<sub>max</sub></em>:event.</li> <li><em>W<sub>max</sub></em>: Size of <em>cwnd</em> in segments just before <em>cwnd</em> was reduced in the last congestion event when fast convergence is disabled (same as <em>cwnd<sub>prior</sub></em> on a congestion event). However, if fast convergence is enabled, <em>W<sub>max</sub></em> may be further reduced based on the current saturationpoint.</t> <t><em>K</em>:point.</li> <li><em>K</em>: The time period in seconds it takes to increase the congestion window size at the beginning of the current congestion avoidance stage to<em>W<sub>max</sub></em>.</t> <t><em>t<sub>current</sub></em>:<em>W<sub>max</sub></em>.</li> <li><em>t<sub>current</sub></em>: Current time of the system inseconds.</t> <t><em>t<sub>epoch</sub></em>:seconds.</li> <li><em>t<sub>epoch</sub></em>: The time in seconds at which the current congestion avoidance stagestarted.</t> <t><em>cwnd<sub>epoch</sub></em>:started.</li> <li><em>cwnd<sub>epoch</sub></em>: The <em>cwnd</em> at the beginning of the current congestion avoidance stage, i.e., at time<em>t<sub>epoch</sub></em>.</t> <t>W<sub>cubic</sub>(<em>t</em>):<em>t<sub>epoch</sub></em>.</li> <li>W<sub>cubic</sub>(<em>t</em>): The congestion window in segments at time <em>t</em> in seconds based on the cubic increase function, as described in <xreftarget="win-inc"/>.</t> <t><em>target</em>:target="win-inc"/>.</li> <li><em>target</em>: Target value of the congestion window in segments after the nextRTT,RTT -- that is, W<sub>cubic</sub>(<em>t</em> + <em>RTT</em>), as described in <xreftarget="win-inc"/>.</t> <t><em>W<sub>est</sub></em>:target="win-inc"/>.</li> <li><em>W<sub>est</sub></em>: An estimate for the congestion window in segments in the Reno-friendlyregion,region -- that is, an estimate for the congestion window ofReno.</t> <t><em>segments_acked</em>:Reno.</li> <li><em>segments_acked</em>: Number ofMSS-sizedSMSS-sized segments acked when a "new ACK" is received, i.e., an ACK that cumulatively acknowledges the delivery ofnewpreviously unacknowledged data. This number will be a decimal value when a new ACK acknowledges an amount of data that is notMSS-sized.SMSS-sized. Specifically, it can be less than 1 when a new ACK acknowledges a segment smaller than theMSS.</t>SMSS.</li> </ul> </section> </section> <section anchor="win-inc"> <name>Window Increase Function</name> <t>CUBIC maintains theacknowledgment (ACK)ACK clocking of Reno by increasing the congestion window only at the reception of a new ACK. 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cwnd target = ⎪ cubic ⎪W (t + RTT) otherwise ⎩ cubic ]]></artwork> </artset> <t>The elapsed time <em>t</em> in <xref target="eq1"/> <bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14> include periods during which <em>cwnd</em> has not been updated due to application-limited behavior (see <xref target="app-limited"/>).</t> <t>Depending on the value of the current congestion window size <em>cwnd</em>, CUBIC runs in three different regions:</t> <ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>The Reno-friendly region, which ensures that CUBIC achieves at least the same throughput as Reno.</li> <li>The concave region, if CUBIC is not in the Reno-friendly region and <em>cwnd</em> is less than <em>W<sub>max</sub></em>.</li> <li>The convex region, if CUBIC is not in the Reno-friendly region and <em>cwnd</em> is greater than <em>W<sub>max</sub></em>.</li> </ol> <t>To summarize, CUBIC computes both W<sub>cubic</sub>(<em>t</em>) and <em>W<sub>est</sub></em> (see <xref target="Reno-friendly"/>) on receiving a new ACK in congestion avoidance and chooses the larger of the two values.</t> <t>The next sections describe the exact actions taken by CUBIC in each region.</t> </section> <section anchor="Reno-friendly"> <name>Reno-Friendly Region</name> <t>Reno performs well in certain types ofnetworks,networks -- for example, under short RTTs and small bandwidths (or small BDPs). In these networks, CUBIC remains in the Reno-friendly region to achieve at least the same throughput as Reno.</t> <t>The Reno-friendly region is designed according to the analysis discussed in <xref target="FHP00"/>, which studies the performance of an AIMD algorithm with an additive factor of<contact fullname="α" asciiFullname=""/>α (segments per <em>RTT</em>) and a multiplicative factor of<contact fullname="β" asciiFullname=""/>,β, denoted byAIMD(<contact fullname="α" asciiFullname=""/>, <contact fullname="β" asciiFullname=""/>). <em>p</em>AIMD(α, β). <em>p</em> is the packet loss rate. 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y="0"/> <usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-28"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-28-gensym006" x="1468" y="0"/> <usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-31"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-31-gensym006" x="1801" y="0"/> <usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-2212"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-2212-gensym006" x="2524" y="0"/> <usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-3B2"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-3B2-gensym006" x="3432" y="0"/> <usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-29"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-29-gensym006" x="3928" y="0"/> <usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-2217"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-2217-gensym006" x="4484" y="0"/> <usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D45D"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D45D-gensym006" x="5230" y="0"/> </g> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </artwork> <artwork type="ascii-art" align="center"><![CDATA[ ┌───────────────┐ │ α * (1 + β) AVG_AIMD(α, β) = ╲ │─────────────── ╲│2 * (1 - β) * p ]]></artwork> </artset> </figure> <t>By the same analysis, to achievea similaran average window sizeassimilar to Reno that uses 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The model used to calculate<contact fullname="α" asciiFullname=""/><em><sub>cubic</sub></em>α<em><sub>cubic</sub></em> is not absolutely precise, but analysis and simulation as discussed in <xref target="AIMD-friendliness"/>, as well as over a decade of experience with CUBIC in the public Internet, show that this approach produces acceptable levels of rate fairness between CUBIC and Reno flows. Also, no significant drawbacks of the model have been reported. However,it would be beneficial to seecontinued detailed analysison it.of this approach would be beneficial. When receiving a new ACK in congestion avoidance (where <em>cwnd</em> could be greater than or less than <em>W<sub>max</sub></em>), CUBIC checks whether W<sub>cubic</sub>(<em>t</em>) is less than <em>W<sub>est</sub></em>.If If so, CUBIC is in the Reno-friendly region and <em>cwnd</em> <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be set to <em>W<sub>est</sub></em> at each reception of a new ACK.</t> <t><em>W<sub>est</sub></em> is set equal to <em>cwnd<sub>epoch</sub></em> at the start of the congestion avoidance stage. After that, on every new ACK, <em>W<sub>est</sub></em> is updated using <xref target="eq4"/>. Note that this equation uses <em>segments_acked</em> and <em>cwnd</em> is measured in segments. An implementation that measures <em>cwnd</em> in bytes should adjust the equation accordingly using the number of acknowledged bytes andMSS.the SMSS. Also note that this equation works for connections with enabled or disabledDelayeddelayed ACKs <xref target="RFC5681"/>, as <em>segments_acked</em> will be different based on the segments actually acknowledged by a new ACK.</t> <figure anchor="eq4"> <artset> <artwork type="svg" align="center"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="5.343ex" role="img" viewBox="0 -1508.9 16272.9 2300.3" width="37.795ex"> <defs> <path d="M1101 653l-4 -16c-66 -3 -109 -44 -134 -77l-438 -576h-29v442h-11l-297 -442h-29v569c0 55 -33 84 -89 84h-10l4 16h288l-4 -16h-7c-39 0 -76 0 -76 -71v-377h5l226 332v61c0 31 -19 55 -82 55h-8l4 16h285l-4 -16h-18c-62 0 -71 -37 -71 -72v-395h6l278 370 c17 22 40 53 40 72c0 16 -13 25 -54 25h-17l4 16h242Z"id="E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D44A"id="E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D44A-gensym009" stroke-width="1"/> <path d="M363 112l14 -13c-70 -86 -138 -110 -200 -110c-98 0 -137 84 -137 156c0 23 1 37 6 60c25 111 135 236 262 236c42 0 102 -14 102 -76c0 -127 -167 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<usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D451"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D451-gensym009" x="1688" y="0"/> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </artwork> <artwork type="ascii-art" align="center"><![CDATA[ segments_acked W = W + α * ────────────── est est cubic cwnd ]]></artwork> </artset> </figure> <t>Once <em>W<sub>est</sub></em> has grown to reach the <em>cwnd</em> at the time of most recently setting<em>ssthresh</em>,<em>ssthresh</em> -- that is, <em>W<sub>est</sub></em> >=<em>cwnd<sub>prior</sub></em>,<em>cwnd<sub>prior</sub></em> -- the sender <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> set<contact fullname="α" asciiFullname=""/><em><sub>cubic</sub></em>α<em><sub>cubic</sub></em> to 1 to ensure that it can achieve the same congestion window increment rate as Reno, which uses AIMD(1, 0.5).</t> <t>The next two sections assume that CUBIC is not in the Reno-friendly region and uses the window increase function described in <xref target="win-inc"/>. Although <em>cwnd</em> is incremented in the same way for both concave and convex regions, they are discussed separately to analyze and understand the difference between the two regions.</t> </section> <section anchor="concave-region"> <name>Concave Region</name> <t>When receiving a new ACK in congestion avoidance, if CUBIC is not in the Reno-friendly region and <em>cwnd</em> is less than <em>W<sub>max</sub></em>, then CUBIC is in the concave region. 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<usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D45B"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D45B-gensym010" x="1191" y="0"/> <usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D451"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D451-gensym010" x="1688" y="0"/> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </artwork> <artwork type="ascii-art" align="center"><![CDATA[target - cwnd ───────────── cwnd ]]></artwork> </artset> <t>for each received new ACK, where <em>target</em> is calculated as described in <xref target="win-inc"/>.</t> </section> <section anchor="convex-region"> <name>Convex Region</name> <t>When receiving a new ACK in congestion avoidance, if CUBIC is not in the Reno-friendly region and <em>cwnd</em> is larger than or equal to <em>W<sub>max</sub></em>, then CUBIC is in the convex region.</t> <t>The convex region indicates that the network conditions might have changed since the last congestion event, possibly implying more available bandwidth after some flow departures. Since the Internet is highly asynchronous, some amount of perturbation is always possible without causing a major change in available bandwidth.</t> <t>Unlessitthe cwnd is overridden by the AIMD window increase, CUBICis very carefulwill behave cautiously when operating in this region. The convex profile aims to increase the window very slowly at the beginning when <em>cwnd</em> is around <em>W<sub>max</sub></em> and then gradually increases its rate of increase. 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In the case of packet loss, the sender <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> reduce <em>cwnd</em> and <em>ssthresh</em> immediately upon entering loss recovery, similar to <xref target="RFC5681"/> (and <xref target="RFC6675"/>). Note that other mechanisms, such as Proportional Rate Reduction <xref target="RFC6937"/>, can be used to reduce the sending rate during loss recovery more gradually. The parameter<contact fullname="β" asciiFullname=""/><em><sub>cubic</sub></em>β<em><sub>cubic</sub></em> <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be set to 0.7, which is different from the multiplicative decrease factor used in <xref target="RFC5681"/> (and <xref target="RFC6675"/>) during fast recovery.</t> <t>In <xref target="eqssthresh"/>, <em>flight_size</em> is the amount of outstanding (unacknowledged) data in the network, as defined in <xref target="RFC5681"/>. Note that a rate-limited application with idle periods or periods when unable to send at the full rate permitted by <em>cwnd</em> could easily encounter notable variations in the volume of data sent from one RTT to another, resulting in <em>flight_size</em> that is significantly less than <em>cwnd</em> when there is a congestion event. The congestion response would therefore decrease <em>cwnd</em> to a much lower value than necessary. To avoid such suboptimal performance, the mechanisms described in <xref target="RFC7661"/> can be used.These describe<xref target="RFC7661"/> describes how to manage and use <em>cwnd</em> and <em>ssthresh</em> during a rate-limitedInterval,interval, and how to update <em>cwnd</em> and <em>ssthresh</em> after congestion has been detected. Themechanismmechanisms defined in <xref target="RFC7661"/>isare safe to use even when <em>cwnd</em> is greater than the receive window, becauseit validatesthey validate <em>cwnd</em> based on the amount of data acknowledged by the network in an RTT, which implicitly accounts for the allowed receive window.</t> <t>Some implementations of CUBIC currently use <em>cwnd</em> instead of <em>flight_size</em> when calculating a new <em>ssthresh</em>.Implementations Implementations that use <em>cwnd</em> <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> use other measures to prevent <em>cwnd</em> from growing when the volume of bytes in flight is smaller than <em>cwnd</em>.This This also effectivelyavoidsprevents <em>cwnd</em> from growing beyond the receive window. Such measures are importantto preventfor preventing a CUBIC sender from using an arbitrarily high cwnd <em>value</em> when calculating new values for <em>ssthresh</em> and <em>cwnd</em> when congestion is detected. 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effect of setting<contact fullname="β" asciiFullname=""/><em><sub>cubic</sub></em>β<em><sub>cubic</sub></em> to a value bigger than 0.5 is that packet loss can happen for more than oneround-tripRTT in certain cases, but it can work efficiently in othercases,cases -- for example, when HyStart++ <xref target="RFC9406"/> is used along with CUBIC or when the sending rate is limited by the application. While a more adaptive setting of<contact fullname="β" asciiFullname=""/><em><sub>cubic</sub></em>β<em><sub>cubic</sub></em> could help limit packet loss to a single round, it would require detailed analyses and large-scale evaluations to validate such algorithms.</t> <t>Note that CUBIC <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> continue to reduce <em>cwnd</em> in response to congestion eventsdue todetected by ECN-Echo ACKs until it reaches a value of 1MSS.SMSS. If congestion events indicated by ECN-Echo ACKs persist, a sender with a <em>cwnd</em> of 1MSSSMSS <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> reduce its sending rate even further.ItThis canachieve thatbe achieved by using a retransmission timer with exponential backoff, as described in <xref target="RFC3168"/>.</t> </section> <section anchor="fast-convergence"> <name>Fast Convergence</name> <t>To improve convergence speed, CUBIC uses a heuristic. When a new flow joins the network, existing flows need to give up some of their bandwidth to allow the new flow some room forgrowth,growth if the existing flows have been using all the network bandwidth. 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This flow can then release more bandwidth by reducing <em>W<sub>max</sub></em> further. This action effectively lengthens the time for this flow to increase its congestion window, because the reduced <em>W<sub>max</sub></em> forces the flow to plateau earlier. This allows more time for the new flow to catch up to its congestion window size.</t> <t>FastConvergenceconvergence is designed for network environments with multiple CUBIC flows. In network environments with only a single CUBIC flow and without any other traffic,Fast Convergencefast convergence <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be disabled.</t> </section> <section anchor="timeout"> <name>Timeout</name> <t>In the case of a timeout, CUBIC follows Reno to reduce <em>cwnd</em> <xreftarget="RFC5681"/>,target="RFC5681"/> but sets <em>ssthresh</em> using<contact fullname="β" asciiFullname=""/><em><sub>cubic</sub></em>β<em><sub>cubic</sub></em> (same as in <xref target="mult-dec"/>) in a way that is different from Reno TCP <xref target="RFC5681"/>.</t> <t>During the first congestion avoidance stage after a timeout, CUBIC increases its congestion window size using <xref target="eq1"/>, where <em>t</em> is the elapsed time since the beginning of the current congestionavoidance,avoidance stage, <em>K</em> is set to 0, and <em>W<sub>max</sub></em> is set to the congestion window size at the beginning of the current congestion avoidance stage. In addition, for the Reno-friendly region, <em>W<sub>est</sub></em> <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be set to the congestion window size at the beginning of the current congestionavoidance.</t>avoidance stage.</t> </section> <section anchor="spurious-congestion-events"> <name>Spurious Congestion Events</name> <t>In cases where CUBIC reduces its congestion window in response to having detected packet loss via duplicate ACKs or timeouts,thereit isa possibilitypossible that the missing ACKwouldcould arrive after the congestion window reduction and a corresponding packet retransmission. For example, packet reordering could trigger this behavior. A high degree of packet reordering could cause multiple congestion window reduction events, where spurious losses are incorrectly interpreted as congestion signals, thus degrading CUBIC's performance significantly.</t> <t>For TCP, there are two types of spuriousevents -events: spurious timeouts and spurious fast retransmits. In the case of QUIC, there are no spurioustimeoutstimeouts, as the loss is only detected after receiving an ACK.</t> <section anchor="spurious-timeout"> <name>Spurioustimeout</name>Timeouts</name> <t>An implementation <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> detect spurious timeouts based on the mechanisms described in Forward RTO-Recovery <xref target="RFC5682"/>. Experimental alternatives include the Eifel detection algorithm <xref target="RFC3522"/>. When a spurious timeout is detected, a TCP implementation <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> follow the response algorithm described in <xref target="RFC4015"/> to restore the congestion control state and adapt the retransmission timer to avoid further spurious timeouts.</t> </section> <section anchor="spurious-loss-detected-by-acknowledgments"> <name>Spuriousloss detected by acknowledgments</name>Fast Retransmits</name> <t>Upon receiving an ACK, a TCP implementation <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> detect spuriouslossesfast retransmits either using TCP Timestamps or viaD-SACK<xrefD-SACK <xref target="RFC2883"/>.ExperimentalAs noted above, experimental alternatives include the Eifel detection algorithm <xreftarget="RFC3522"/>target="RFC3522"/>, which uses TCPTimestampsTimestamps; andDSACK basedDSACK-based detection <xreftarget="RFC3708"/>target="RFC3708"/>, which uses DSACK information. A QUIC implementation can easily determine a spuriouslossfast retransmit if a QUIC packet is acknowledged after it has been marked as lost and the original data has been retransmitted with a new QUIC packet.</t> <t>This section specifies a simple response algorithm when a spuriouslossfast retransmit is detected by acknowledgments. Implementations would need to carefully evaluate the impact of using this algorithm in different environments that may experience a sudden change in available capacity (e.g., due to variable radio capacity, a routing change, or a mobility event).</t> <t>Whenapacket loss is detected via acknowledgments, a CUBIC implementation <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> save the current value of the following variables before the congestion window is reduced.</t> <artset> <artwork type="svg" align="center"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="22.843ex" role="img" viewBox="0 -5168.6 12328.9 9835" width="28.635ex"> <defs> <path d="M444 428l-89 -348c-1 -4 -1 -6 -1 -9c0 -8 4 -14 14 -14c21 0 40 26 57 46l5 6l13 -11c-23 -33 -74 -107 -132 -107c-29 0 -40 19 -40 52c0 9 1 25 4 37l26 95h-1c-7 -5 -97 -126 -137 -156c-23 -17 -49 -28 -72 -28c-47 0 -61 36 -61 74c0 21 3 40 8 59l59 231 c4 15 6 21 6 25c0 12 -11 23 -33 23c-7 0 -19 -1 -26 -3l-3 15l157 26l-84 -326c-2 -9 -3 -16 -3 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prior t = undo_t ⎮ epoch epoch ⎮ W = undo_W ⎮ est est ⎭ ]]></artwork> </artset> <t>In rare cases, when the detection happens long after a spuriouslossfast retransmit event and the current <em>cwnd</em> is already higher than <em>cwnd<sub>prior</sub></em>, CUBIC <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> continue to use the current and the most recent values of these variables.</t> </section> </section> <section anchor="slow-start"> <name>Slow Start</name><t>CUBIC <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> employ a slow-start algorithm, when<t>When <em>cwnd</em> is no more than<em>ssthresh</em>.<em>ssthresh</em>, CUBIC <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> employ a slow start algorithm. In general, CUBIC <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> use the HyStart++ slow start algorithm <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-tcpm-hystartplusplus"/>,target="RFC9406"/> or <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> use the Reno TCP slow start algorithm <xref target="RFC5681"/> in the rare cases when HyStart++ is not suitable. Experimental alternatives include hybrid slow start <xref target="HR11"/>, a predecessor to HyStart++ that some CUBIC implementations have used as the default for the last decade, and limited slow start <xref target="RFC3742"/>. Whicheverstart-upstartup algorithm is used, work might be needed to ensure that the end of slow start and the first multiplicative decrease of congestion avoidance work well together.</t> <t>When CUBIC uses HyStart++ <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-tcpm-hystartplusplus"/>,target="RFC9406"/>, it may exit the first slow start without incurring any packet loss and thus <em>W<sub>max</sub></em> is undefined. In this special case, CUBIC sets <em>cwnd<sub>prior</sub> = cwnd</em> and switches to congestion avoidance. It then increases its congestion window size using <xref target="eq1"/>, where <em>t</em> is the elapsed time since the beginning of the current congestionavoidance,avoidance stage, <em>K</em> is set to 0, and <em>W<sub>max</sub></em> is set to the congestion window size at the beginning of the current congestion avoidance stage.</t> </section> </section> <section anchor="discussion"> <name>Discussion</name> <t>This section further discusses the safety features ofCUBICCUBIC, following the guidelines specified in <xref target="RFC5033"/>.</t> <t>With a deterministic loss model where the number of packets between two successive packet losses is always <em>1/p</em>, CUBIC always operates with the concave window profile, which greatly simplifies the performance analysis of CUBIC. 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using <xref target="eq6"/>.</t> <section anchor="fairness-to-reno"> <name>Fairness to Reno</name> <t>In environments where Reno is able to make reasonable use of the available bandwidth, CUBIC does not significantly change this state.</t> <t>Reno performs well in the following two types of networks:</t> <ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>networks with a small bandwidth-delay product (BDP)</li> <li>networks withashort RTTs, but not necessarily a small BDP</li> </ol> <t>CUBIC is designed to behave very similarly to Reno in the above two types of networks. The following two tables show the average window sizes of Reno TCP, HSTCP, and CUBIC TCP. The average window sizes of Reno TCP and HSTCP are from <xref target="RFC3649"/>. The average window size of CUBIC is calculated using <xref target="eq6"/> and the CUBIC Reno-friendly region for three different values of <em>C</em>.</t> <table anchor="tab1"> <name>Reno TCP, HSTCP, and CUBIC with RTT = 0.1seconds</name>Seconds</name> <thead> <tr> <th align="right">Loss Rate P</th> <th align="right">Reno</th> <th align="right">HSTCP</th> <th align="right">CUBIC (C=0.04)</th> <th align="right">CUBIC (C=0.4)</th> <th align="right">CUBIC (C=4)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-02</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">12</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-03</td> <td align="right">38</td> <td align="right">38</td> <td align="right">38</td> <td align="right">38</td> <td align="right">59</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-04</td> <td align="right">120</td> <td align="right">263</td> <td align="right">120</td> <td align="right">187</td> <td align="right">333</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-05</td> <td align="right">379</td> <td align="right">1795</td> <td align="right">593</td> <td align="right">1054</td> <td align="right">1874</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-06</td> <td align="right">1200</td> <td align="right">12280</td> <td align="right">3332</td> <td align="right">5926</td> <td align="right">10538</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-07</td> <td align="right">3795</td> <td align="right">83981</td> <td align="right">18740</td> <td align="right">33325</td> <td align="right">59261</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-08</td> <td align="right">12000</td> <td align="right">574356</td> <td align="right">105383</td> <td align="right">187400</td> <td align="right">333250</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <t><xref target="tab1"/> describes the response function of Reno TCP, HSTCP, and CUBIC in networks with <em>RTT</em> = 0.1 seconds. The average window size is inMSS-sizedSMSS-sized segments.</t> <table anchor="tab2"> <name>Reno TCP, HSTCP, and CUBIC with RTT = 0.01seconds</name>Seconds</name> <thead> <tr> <th align="right">Loss Rate P</th> <th align="right">Reno</th> <th align="right">HSTCP</th> <th align="right">CUBIC (C=0.04)</th> <th align="right">CUBIC (C=0.4)</th> <th align="right">CUBIC (C=4)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-02</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">12</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-03</td> <td align="right">38</td> <td align="right">38</td> <td align="right">38</td> <td align="right">38</td> <td align="right">38</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-04</td> <td align="right">120</td> <td align="right">263</td> <td align="right">120</td> <td align="right">120</td> <td align="right">120</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-05</td> <td align="right">379</td> <td align="right">1795</td> <td align="right">379</td> <td align="right">379</td> <td align="right">379</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-06</td> <td align="right">1200</td> <td align="right">12280</td> <td align="right">1200</td> <td align="right">1200</td> <td align="right">1874</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-07</td> <td align="right">3795</td> <td align="right">83981</td> <td align="right">3795</td> <td align="right">5926</td> <td align="right">10538</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.0e-08</td> <td align="right">12000</td> <td align="right">574356</td> <td align="right">18740</td> <td align="right">33325</td> <td align="right">59261</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <t><xref target="tab2"/> describes the response function of Reno TCP, HSTCP, and CUBIC in networks with <em>RTT</em> = 0.01 seconds. The average window size is inMSS-sizedSMSS-sized segments.</t> <t>Both tables show that CUBIC with any of these three <em>C</em> values is more friendly to Reno TCP than HSTCP, especially in networks with a short <em>RTT</em> where Reno TCP performs reasonably well. For example, in a network with <em>RTT</em> = 0.01 seconds andp=10^-6,p=10<sup>-6</sup>, Reno TCP has an average window of 1200 packets. If the packet size is 1500 bytes, then Reno TCP can achieve an average rate of 1.44 Gbps. In this case, CUBIC with <em>C</em>=0.04 or <em>C</em>=0.4 achieves exactly the same rate as Reno TCP, whereas HSTCP is about ten times more aggressive than Reno TCP.</t> <t><em>C</em> determines the aggressiveness of CUBIC in competing with other congestion control algorithms for bandwidth. CUBIC is more friendly to RenoTCP,TCP if the value of <em>C</em> is lower. However, it is <bcp14>NOT RECOMMENDED</bcp14> to set <em>C</em> to a very low value like 0.04, since CUBIC with a low <em>C</em> cannot efficiently use the bandwidth in fast and long-distance networks. Based on these observations and extensive deployment experience, <em>C</em>=0.4 seems togiveprovide a good balance between Reno-friendliness and aggressiveness of window increase. Therefore, <em>C</em> <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be set to 0.4. 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<usexlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-33"xlink:href="#E1-STIXWEBMAIN-33-gensym018" transform="scale(0.707)" x="692" y="408"/> </g> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </artwork> <artwork type="ascii-art" align="center"><![CDATA[ 4 ┌────┐ ╲ │ 3 ╲│RTT AVG_W = 1.054 * ──────── cubic 4 ┌──┐ ╲ │ 3 ╲│p ]]></artwork> </artset> </figure> <t><xref target="eq7"/> is then used in the next subsection to show the scalability of CUBIC.</t> </section> <section anchor="using-spare-capacity"> <name>Using Spare Capacity</name> <t>CUBIC uses a more aggressive window increase function than Reno for fast and long-distance networks.</t><t>The following table<t><xref target="tab3"/> shows that to achieve the 10 Gbps rate, Reno TCP requires a packet loss rate of 2.0e-10, while CUBIC TCP requires a packet loss rate of 2.9e-8.</t> <table anchor="tab3"> <name>Requiredpacket loss ratePacket Loss Rate for Reno TCP, HSTCP, and CUBIC toachieveAchieve acertain throughput</name>Certain Throughput</name> <thead> <tr> <th align="right">Throughput (Mbps)</th> <th align="right">Average W</th> <th align="right">Reno P</th> <th align="right">HSTCP P</th> <th align="right">CUBIC P</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">8.3</td> <td align="right">2.0e-2</td> <td align="right">2.0e-2</td> <td align="right">2.0e-2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">10</td> <td align="right">83.3</td> <td align="right">2.0e-4</td> <td align="right">3.9e-4</td> <td align="right">2.9e-4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">100</td> <td align="right">833.3</td> <td align="right">2.0e-6</td> <td align="right">2.5e-5</td> <td align="right">1.4e-5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1000</td> <td align="right">8333.3</td> <td align="right">2.0e-8</td> <td align="right">1.5e-6</td> <td align="right">6.3e-7</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">10000</td> <td align="right">83333.3</td> <td align="right">2.0e-10</td> <td align="right">1.0e-7</td> <td align="right">2.9e-8</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <t><xref target="tab3"/> describes the required packet loss rate for Reno TCP, HSTCP, and CUBIC to achieve a certain throughput, with 1500-byte packets and an <em>RTT</em> of 0.1 seconds.</t> <t>The test results provided in <xref target="HLRX07"/> indicate that, in typical cases with a degree of background traffic, CUBIC uses the spare bandwidth left unused by existing Reno TCP flows in the same bottleneck link without taking away much bandwidth from the existing flows.</t> </section> <section anchor="difficult-environments"> <name>Difficult Environments</name> <t>CUBIC is designed to remedy the poor performance of Reno in fast and long-distance networks.</t> </section> <section anchor="investigating-a-range-of-environments"> <name>Investigating a Range of Environments</name> <t>CUBIC has been extensively studied using simulations, testbed emulations, Internet experiments, and Internet measurements, covering a wide range of network environments <xreftarget="HLRX07"/><xref target="H16"/><xref target="CEHRX09"/><xref target="HR11"/><xref target="BSCLU13"/><xreftarget="HLRX07"/> <xref target="H16"/> <xref target="CEHRX09"/> <xref target="HR11"/> <xref target="BSCLU13"/> <xref target="LBEWK16"/>. They have convincingly demonstrated that CUBIC delivers substantial benefits over classical Reno congestion control <xref target="RFC5681"/>.</t> <t>Same as Reno, CUBIC is a loss-based congestion control algorithm. Because CUBIC is designed to be more aggressive (due to a faster window increase function and bigger multiplicative decrease factor) than Reno in fast and long-distance networks, it can fill large drop-tail buffers more quickly than Reno and increases the risk of a standing queue <xref target="RFC8511"/>. In this case, proper queue sizing and management <xref target="RFC7567"/> could be used to mitigate the risk to some extent and reduce the packet queuing delay. Also, in large-BDP networks after a congestion event, CUBIC, due to its cubic window increase function, recovers quickly to the highest link utilization point. This means that link utilization is less sensitive to an active queue management (AQM) target that is lower than the amplitude of the whole sawtooth.</t> <t>Similar to Reno, the performance of CUBIC as a loss-based congestion control algorithm suffers in networks whereapacket loss is not a good indication of bandwidth utilization, such as wireless or mobile networks <xref target="LIU16"/>.</t> </section> <section anchor="protection-against-congestion-collapse"> <name>Protection against Congestion Collapse</name> <t>With regard to the potential of causing congestion collapse, CUBIC behaves like Reno, since CUBIC modifies only the window adjustment algorithm of Reno. Thus, it does not modify the ACK clocking and timeout behaviors of Reno.</t> <t>CUBIC also satisfies the "full backoff" requirement as described in <xref target="RFC5033"/>. After reducing the sending rate to one packet per RTT in response to congestion eventsdue todetected by ECN-Echo ACKs, CUBIC then exponentially increases the transmission timer for each packet retransmission while congestion persists.</t> </section> <section anchor="fairness-within-the-alternative-congestion-control-algorithm"> <name>Fairness within the Alternative Congestion Control Algorithm</name> <t>CUBIC ensures convergence of competing CUBIC flows with the same RTT in the same bottleneck links to an equal throughput. When competing flows have different RTT values, their throughput ratio is linearly proportional to the inverse of their RTT ratios. This is trueindependentlyand is independent of the level of statistical multiplexing on the link. The convergence time depends on the network environments (e.g., bandwidth, RTT) and the level of statistical multiplexing, as mentioned in <xref target="prin-beta"/>.</t> </section> <section anchor="performance-with-misbehaving-nodes-and-outside-attackers"> <name>Performance with Misbehaving Nodes and Outside Attackers</name> <t>CUBIC does not introduce new entities or signals, so its vulnerability to misbehaving nodes or attackers is unchanged from Reno.</t> </section> <section anchor="app-limited"> <name>Behavior for Application-Limited Flows</name> <t>A flow isapplication-limitedapplication limited if it is currently sending less than what is allowed by the congestion window. This can happen if the flow is limited by either the sender application or the receiver application (via thereceiverreceiver's advertised window) and thus sends less data than what is allowed by the sender's congestion window.</t> <t>CUBIC does not increase its congestion window if a flow isapplication-limited.application limited. Per <xreftarget="win-inc"/> requirestarget="win-inc"/>, it is required that <em>t</em> in <xref target="eq1"/>doesnot include application-limited periods, such as idleperiods, otherwiseperiods; otherwise, W<sub>cubic</sub>(<em>t</em>) might be very high after restarting from these periods.</t> </section> <section anchor="responses-to-sudden-or-transient-events"> <name>Responses to Sudden or Transient Events</name> <t>If there is a sudden increase in capacity, e.g., due to variable radio capacity, a routing change, or a mobility event, CUBIC is designed to utilize the newly available capacityfastermore quickly than Reno.</t> <t>On the other hand, if there is a sudden decrease in capacity, CUBIC reduces more slowly than Reno. This remains true regardless of whether CUBIC is in Reno-friendly mode and regardless of whether fast convergence is enabled.</t> </section> <section anchor="incremental-deployment"> <name>Incremental Deployment</name> <t>CUBIC requires only changes tothecongestion control at the sender, and it does not require any changes at receivers. That is, a CUBIC sender works correctly with Reno receivers. In addition, CUBIC does not require any changes to routers and does not require any assistance from routers.</t> </section> </section> <section anchor="security-considerations"> <name>Security Considerations</name> <t>CUBIC makes no changes to the underlying security of a transport protocol and inherits the general security concerns described in <xref target="RFC5681"/>. Specifically, changing the window computation on the sender may allow an attacker, through dropping or injecting ACKs (as described in <xref target="RFC5681"/>), to either force the CUBIC implementation to reduce itsbandwidth,bandwidth ortoconvince it that there is no congestion when congestion does exist, and to use the CUBIC implementation as an attack vector against other hosts. These attacks are not new to CUBIC and are inherently part of any transport protocol like TCP.</t> </section> <section anchor="iana-considerations"> <name>IANA Considerations</name> <t>This document does not require any IANA actions.</t> </section> </middle> <back> <references> <name>References</name> <references> <name>Normative References</name><reference anchor="RFC5681"> <front> <title>TCP Congestion Control</title> <author fullname="M. Allman" initials="M." surname="Allman"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="V. Paxson" initials="V." surname="Paxson"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="E. Blanton" initials="E." surname="Blanton"> <organization/> </author> <date month="September" year="2009"/> <abstract> <t>This document defines TCP's four intertwined congestion control algorithms: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recovery. In addition, the document specifies how TCP should begin transmission after a relatively long idle period, as well as discussing various acknowledgment generation methods. This document obsoletes RFC 2581. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="5681"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC5681"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC6582"> <front> <title>The NewReno Modification to TCP's Fast Recovery Algorithm</title> <author fullname="T. Henderson" initials="T." surname="Henderson"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="S. Floyd" initials="S." surname="Floyd"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="A. Gurtov" initials="A." surname="Gurtov"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Y. Nishida" initials="Y." surname="Nishida"> <organization/> </author> <date month="April" year="2012"/> <abstract> <t>RFC 5681 documents the following four intertwined TCP congestion control algorithms: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recovery. RFC 5681 explicitly allows certain modifications of these algorithms, including modifications that use the TCP Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) option (RFC 2883), and modifications that respond to "partial acknowledgments" (ACKs that cover new data, but not all the data outstanding when loss was detected) in the absence of SACK. This document describes a specific algorithm for responding to partial acknowledgments, referred to as "NewReno". This response to partial acknowledgments was first proposed by Janey Hoe. This document obsoletes RFC 3782. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="6582"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC6582"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC6675"> <front> <title>A Conservative Loss Recovery Algorithm Based on Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) for TCP</title> <author fullname="E. Blanton" initials="E." surname="Blanton"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Allman" initials="M." surname="Allman"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="L. Wang" initials="L." surname="Wang"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="I. Jarvinen" initials="I." surname="Jarvinen"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Kojo" initials="M." surname="Kojo"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Y. Nishida" initials="Y." surname="Nishida"> <organization/> </author> <date month="August" year="2012"/> <abstract> <t>This document presents a conservative loss recovery algorithm for TCP that is based on the use of the selective acknowledgment (SACK) TCP option. The algorithm presented in this document conforms to the spirit of the current congestion control specification (RFC 5681), but allows TCP senders to recover more effectively when multiple segments are lost from a single flight of data. This document obsoletes RFC 3517 and describes changes from it. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="6675"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC6675"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC5348"> <front> <title>TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): Protocol Specification</title> <author fullname="S. Floyd" initials="S." surname="Floyd"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Handley" initials="M." surname="Handley"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="J. Padhye" initials="J." surname="Padhye"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="J. Widmer" initials="J." surname="Widmer"> <organization/> </author> <date month="September" year="2008"/> <abstract> <t>This document specifies TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC). TFRC is a congestion control mechanism for unicast flows operating in a best-effort Internet environment. It is reasonably fair when competing for bandwidth with TCP flows, but has a much lower variation of throughput over time compared with TCP, making it more suitable for applications such as streaming media where a relatively smooth sending rate is of importance.</t> <t>This document obsoletes RFC 3448 and updates RFC 4342. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="5348"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC5348"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC9002"> <front> <title>QUIC Loss Detection and Congestion Control</title> <author fullname="J. Iyengar" initials="J." role="editor" surname="Iyengar"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="I. Swett" initials="I." role="editor" surname="Swett"> <organization/> </author> <date month="May" year="2021"/> <abstract> <t>This document describes loss detection and congestion control mechanisms for QUIC.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9002"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC9002"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC5033"> <front> <title>Specifying New Congestion Control Algorithms</title> <author fullname="S. Floyd" initials="S." surname="Floyd"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Allman" initials="M." surname="Allman"> <organization/> </author> <date month="August" year="2007"/> <abstract> <t>The IETF's standard congestion control schemes have been widely shown to be inadequate for various environments (e.g., high-speed networks). Recent research has yielded many alternate congestion control schemes that significantly differ from the IETF's congestion control principles. Using these new congestion control schemes in the global Internet has possible ramifications to both the traffic using the new congestion control and to traffic using the currently standardized congestion control. Therefore, the IETF must proceed with caution when dealing with alternate congestion control proposals. The goal of this document is to provide guidance for considering alternate congestion control algorithms within the IETF. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="BCP" value="133"/> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="5033"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC5033"/> </reference> <reference anchor="I-D.ietf-tcpm-hystartplusplus"> <front> <title>HyStart++: Modified Slow Start for TCP</title> <author fullname="Praveen Balasubramanian" initials="P." surname="Balasubramanian"> <organization>Confluent</organization> </author> <author fullname="Yi Huang" initials="Y." surname="Huang"> <organization>Microsoft</organization> </author> <author fullname="Matt Olson" initials="M." surname="Olson"> <organization>Microsoft</organization> </author> <date day="30" month="January" year="2023"/> <abstract> <t> This document describes HyStart++, a simple modification to the slow start phase of congestion control algorithms. Traditional slow start can overshoot the ideal send rate in many cases, causing high packet loss and poor performance. HyStart++ uses a delay increase heuristic to find an exit point before possible overshoot. It also adds a mitigation to prevent jitter from causing premature slow start exit. </t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-ietf-tcpm-hystartplusplus-13"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC2914"> <front> <title>Congestion Control Principles</title> <author fullname="S. Floyd" initials="S." surname="Floyd"> <organization/> </author> <date month="September" year="2000"/> <abstract> <t>The goal of this document is to explain the need for congestion control in the Internet, and to discuss what constitutes correct congestion control. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="BCP" value="41"/> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="2914"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC2914"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC2119"> <front> <title>Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</title> <author fullname="S. Bradner" initials="S." surname="Bradner"> <organization/> </author> <date month="March" year="1997"/> <abstract> <t>In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="BCP" value="14"/> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="2119"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC2119"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8174"> <front> <title>Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words</title> <author fullname="B. Leiba" initials="B." surname="Leiba"> <organization/> </author> <date month="May" year="2017"/> <abstract> <t>RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="BCP" value="14"/> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8174"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8174"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC3168"> <front> <title>The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP</title> <author fullname="K. Ramakrishnan" initials="K." surname="Ramakrishnan"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="S. Floyd" initials="S." surname="Floyd"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="D. Black" initials="D." surname="Black"> <organization/> </author> <date month="September" year="2001"/> <abstract> <t>This memo specifies the incorporation of ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) to TCP and IP, including ECN's use of two bits in the IP header. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="3168"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC3168"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8985"> <front> <title>The RACK-TLP Loss Detection Algorithm for TCP</title> <author fullname="Y. Cheng" initials="Y." surname="Cheng"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="N. Cardwell" initials="N." surname="Cardwell"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="N. Dukkipati" initials="N." surname="Dukkipati"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="P. Jha" initials="P." surname="Jha"> <organization/> </author> <date month="February" year="2021"/> <abstract> <t>This document presents the RACK-TLP loss detection algorithm for TCP. RACK-TLP uses per-segment transmit timestamps and selective acknowledgments (SACKs) and has two parts. Recent Acknowledgment (RACK) starts fast recovery quickly using time-based inferences derived from acknowledgment (ACK) feedback, and Tail Loss Probe (TLP) leverages RACK and sends a probe packet to trigger ACK feedback to avoid retransmission timeout (RTO) events. Compared to the widely used duplicate acknowledgment (DupAck) threshold approach, RACK-TLP detects losses more efficiently when there are application-limited flights of data, lost retransmissions, or data packet reordering events. It is intended to be an alternative to the DupAck threshold approach.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8985"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8985"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC6298"> <front> <title>Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer</title> <author fullname="V. Paxson" initials="V." surname="Paxson"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Allman" initials="M." surname="Allman"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="J. Chu" initials="J." surname="Chu"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Sargent" initials="M." surname="Sargent"> <organization/> </author> <date month="June" year="2011"/> <abstract> <t>This document defines the standard algorithm that Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) senders are required to use to compute and manage their retransmission timer. It expands on the discussion in Section 4.2.3.1 of RFC 1122 and upgrades the requirement of supporting the algorithm from a SHOULD to a MUST. This document obsoletes RFC 2988. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="6298"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC6298"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC5682"> <front> <title>Forward RTO-Recovery (F-RTO): An Algorithm for Detecting Spurious Retransmission Timeouts with TCP</title> <author fullname="P. Sarolahti" initials="P." surname="Sarolahti"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Kojo" initials="M." surname="Kojo"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="K. Yamamoto" initials="K." surname="Yamamoto"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Hata" initials="M." surname="Hata"> <organization/> </author> <date month="September" year="2009"/> <abstract> <t>The purpose of this document is to move the F-RTO (Forward RTO-Recovery) functionality for TCP in RFC 4138 from Experimental to Standards Track status. The F-RTO support for Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) in RFC 4138 remains with Experimental status. See Appendix B for the differences between this document and RFC 4138.</t> <t>Spurious retransmission timeouts cause suboptimal TCP performance because they often result in unnecessary retransmission of the last window of data. This document describes the F-RTO detection algorithm for detecting spurious TCP retransmission timeouts. F-RTO is a TCP sender-only algorithm that does not require any TCP options to operate. After retransmitting the first unacknowledged segment triggered by a timeout, the F-RTO algorithm of the TCP sender monitors the incoming acknowledgments to determine whether the timeout was spurious. It then decides whether to send new segments or retransmit unacknowledged segments. The algorithm effectively helps to avoid additional unnecessary retransmissions and thereby improves TCP performance in the case of a spurious timeout. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="5682"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC5682"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC4015"> <front> <title>The Eifel Response Algorithm for TCP</title> <author fullname="R. Ludwig" initials="R." surname="Ludwig"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="A. Gurtov" initials="A." surname="Gurtov"> <organization/> </author> <date month="February" year="2005"/> <abstract> <t>Based on an appropriate detection algorithm, the Eifel response algorithm provides a way for a TCP sender to respond to a detected spurious timeout. It adapts the retransmission timer to avoid further spurious timeouts and (depending on the detection algorithm) can avoid the often unnecessary go-back-N retransmits that would otherwise be sent. In addition, the Eifel response algorithm restores the congestion control state in such a way that packet bursts are avoided. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="4015"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC4015"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC2883"> <front> <title>An Extension to the Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Option for TCP</title> <author fullname="S. Floyd" initials="S." surname="Floyd"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="J. Mahdavi" initials="J." surname="Mahdavi"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Mathis" initials="M." surname="Mathis"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Podolsky" initials="M." surname="Podolsky"> <organization/> </author> <date month="July" year="2000"/> <abstract> <t>This note defines an extension of the Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Option for TCP. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="2883"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC2883"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC7567"> <front> <title>IETF Recommendations Regarding Active Queue Management</title> <author fullname="F. Baker" initials="F." role="editor" surname="Baker"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="G. Fairhurst" initials="G." role="editor" surname="Fairhurst"> <organization/> </author> <date month="July" year="2015"/> <abstract> <t>This memo presents recommendations to the Internet community concerning measures to improve and preserve Internet performance. It presents a strong recommendation for testing, standardization, and widespread deployment of active queue management (AQM) in network devices to improve the performance of today's Internet. It also urges a concerted effort of research, measurement, and ultimate deployment of AQM mechanisms to protect the Internet from flows that are not sufficiently responsive to congestion notification.</t> <t>Based on 15 years of experience and new research, this document replaces the recommendations of RFC 2309.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="BCP" value="197"/> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="7567"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC7567"/> </reference><xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.5681.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.6582.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.6675.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.5348.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.9002.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.5033.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.9406.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.2914.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.2119.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8174.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3168.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8985.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.6298.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.5682.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.4015.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.2883.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7567.xml"/> </references> <references> <name>Informative References</name> <reference anchor="FHP00" target="https://www.icir.org/tfrc/aimd.pdf"> <front> <title>A Comparison of Equation-Based and AIMD Congestion Control</title> <author initials="S." surname="Floyd"> <organization/> </author> <author initials="M." surname="Handley"> <organization/> </author> <author initials="J." surname="Padhye"> <organization/> </author> <date year="2000" month="May"/> </front> </reference> <reference anchor="GV02"target="https://www.cs.utexas.edu/ftp/techreports/tr02-39.ps.gz">target="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1828bdcef118b02d3996b8e00b8aaa92b50abb0f"> <front> <title>Extended Analysis of Binary Adjustment Algorithms</title> <author initials="S." surname="Gorinsky"> <organization/> </author> <author initials="H." surname="Vin"> <organization/> </author> <date year="2002"month="August" day="11"/>month="August"/> </front><seriesInfo name="Technical Report" value="TR2002-29"/> <seriesInfo name="Department of" value="Computer Sciences"/> <seriesInfo name="The<refcontent>Technical Report TR2002-39, Department of Computer Sciences, The University ofTexas" value="at Austin"/>Texas at Austin</refcontent> </reference> <reference anchor="H16" target="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118125842/http://netsrv.csc.ncsu.edu/wiki/index.php/TCP_Testing"> <front><title>Simulation,<title>Deployment, Testbed, andDeployment TestingSimulation Resultsoffor CUBIC</title> <author initials="S." surname="Ha"> <organization/> </author> <date year="2016" month="November"day="03"/>day="3"/> </front> <refcontent>Wayback Machine archive</refcontent> </reference> <reference anchor="AIMD-friendliness"target="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bbriscoe/cubic-reno/main/creno_tr.pdf">target="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.10581"> <front> <title>Friendliness between AIMD Algorithms</title> <author initials="B." surname="Briscoe"> <organization/> </author> <author initials="O." surname="Albisser"> <organization/> </author> <dateyear="2022" month="August" day="08"/>year="2023" month="May"/> </front> <seriesInfoname="RFC Editor, please replace this URL with the permanent arXiv one" value=""/>name="DOI" value="10.48550/arXiv.2305.10581"/> </reference> <reference anchor="SXEZ19"> <front> <title>Model-Agnostic and Efficient Exploration of Numerical Congestion Control State Space of Real-World TCP Implementations</title> <author fullname="Wei Sun" initials="W." surname="Sun"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Lisong Xu" initials="L." surname="Xu"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Sebastian Elbaum" initials="S." surname="Elbaum"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Di Zhao" initials="D." surname="Zhao"> <organization/> </author> <date month="October" year="2021"/> </front><seriesInfo name="IEEE/ACM<refcontent>IEEE/ACM Transactions onNetworking" value="vol.Networking, vol. 29, no. 5, pp.1990-2004"/>1990-2004</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1109/tnet.2021.3078161"/> </reference> <reference 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Harfoush" initials="K." surname="Harfoush"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Injong Rhee" initials="I." surname="Rhee"> <organization/> </author> <datemonth="February" year="2005"/>month="March" year="2004"/> </front><seriesInfo name="IEEE INFOCOM" value="2004"/><refcontent>IEEE INFOCOM 2004</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1109/infcom.2004.1354672"/> </reference> <reference anchor="HLRX07"> <front> <title>Impact of background traffic on performance of high-speed TCP variant protocols</title> <author fullname="Sangtae Ha" initials="S." surname="Ha"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Long Le" initials="L." surname="Le"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Injong Rhee" initials="I." surname="Rhee"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Lisong Xu" initials="L." surname="Xu"> <organization/> </author> <date month="May" year="2007"/> </front><seriesInfo name="Computer Networks" value="vol.<refcontent>Computer Networks, vol. 51, no. 7, pp.1748-1762"/>1748-1762</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1016/j.comnet.2006.11.005"/> </reference> <reference anchor="CEHRX09"> <front> <title>Stochastic convex ordering for multiplicative decrease internet congestion control</title> <author fullname="Han Cai" initials="H." surname="Cai"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Do Young Eun" initials="D." surname="Eun"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Sangtae Ha" initials="S." surname="Ha"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Injong Rhee" initials="I." surname="Rhee"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Lisong Xu" initials="L." surname="Xu"> <organization/> </author> <date month="February" year="2009"/> </front><seriesInfo name="Computer Networks" value="vol.<refcontent>Computer Networks, vol. 53, no. 3, pp.365-381"/>365-381</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1016/j.comnet.2008.10.012"/> </reference> <reference anchor="HR11"> <front> <title>Taming the elephants: New TCP slow start</title> <author fullname="Sangtae Ha" initials="S." surname="Ha"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Injong Rhee" initials="I." surname="Rhee"> <organization/> </author> <date month="June" year="2011"/> </front><seriesInfo name="Computer Networks" value="vol.<refcontent>Computer Networks, vol. 55, no. 9, pp.2092-2110"/>2092-2110</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1016/j.comnet.2011.01.014"/> </reference> <reference anchor="BSCLU13"> <front> <title>Understanding TCP cubic performance in the cloud: A mean-field approach</title> <author fullname="Sonia Belhareth" initials="S." surname="Belhareth"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Lucile Sassatelli" initials="L." surname="Sassatelli"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Denis Collange" initials="D." surname="Collange"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Dino Lopez-Pacheco" initials="D." surname="Lopez-Pacheco"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Guillaume Urvoy-Keller" initials="G." surname="Urvoy-Keller"> <organization/> </author> <date month="November" year="2013"/> </front><seriesInfo name="2013<refcontent>2013 IEEE 2nd International Conference on CloudNetworking" value="(CloudNet)"/>Networking (CloudNet)</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1109/cloudnet.2013.6710576"/> </reference> <reference anchor="LBEWK16"> <front> <title>A Comparison of TCP Congestion Control Algorithms in 10G Networks</title> <author fullname="Thomas Lukaseder" initials="T." surname="Lukaseder"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Leonard Bradatsch" initials="L." surname="Bradatsch"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Benjamin Erb" initials="B." surname="Erb"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Rens W. Van Der Heijden" initials="R." surname="Van Der Heijden"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Frank Kargl" initials="F." surname="Kargl"> <organization/> </author> <date month="November" year="2016"/> </front><seriesInfo name="2016<refcontent>2016 IEEE 41st Conference on Local ComputerNetworks" value="(LCN)"/>Networks (LCN)</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1109/lcn.2016.121"/> </reference> <reference anchor="HRX08"> <front> <title>CUBIC: a new TCP-friendly high-speed TCP variant</title> <author fullname="Sangtae Ha" initials="S." surname="Ha"> <organization>North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC</organization> </author> <author fullname="Injong Rhee" initials="I." surname="Rhee"> <organization>North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC</organization> </author> <author fullname="Lisong Xu" initials="L." surname="Xu"> <organization>University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska</organization> </author> <date month="July" year="2008"/> </front><seriesInfo name="ACM<refcontent>ACM SIGOPS Operating SystemsReview" value="vol.Review, vol. 42, no. 5, pp.64-74"/>64-74</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1145/1400097.1400105"/> </reference> <reference anchor="K03"> <front> <title>Scalable TCP: improving performance in highspeed wide area networks</title> <author fullname="Tom Kelly" initials="T." surname="Kelly"> <organization>CERN-IT Division, Geneva, Switzerland</organization> </author> <date month="April" year="2003"/> </front><seriesInfo name="ACM<refcontent>ACM SIGCOMM Computer CommunicationReview" value="vol.Review, vol. 33, no. 2, pp.83-91"/>83-91</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1145/956981.956989"/> </reference> <reference anchor="LIU16"> <front> <title>On Improving TCP Performance over Mobile Data Networks</title> <author fullname="Ke Liu" initials="K." surname="Liu"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Jack Y.B. Lee" initials="J." surname="Lee"> <organization/> </author> <date month="October" year="2016"/> </front><seriesInfo name="IEEE<refcontent>IEEE Transactions on MobileComputing" value="vol.Computing, vol. 15, no. 10, pp.2522-2536"/>2522-2536</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1109/tmc.2015.2500227"/> </reference><reference anchor="RFC9000"> <front> <title>QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport</title> <author fullname="J. Iyengar" initials="J." role="editor" surname="Iyengar"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Thomson" initials="M." role="editor" surname="Thomson"> <organization/> </author> <date month="May" year="2021"/> <abstract> <t>This document defines the core of the QUIC transport protocol. QUIC provides applications with flow-controlled streams for structured communication, low-latency connection establishment, and network path migration. QUIC includes security measures that ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability in a range of deployment circumstances. Accompanying documents describe the integration of TLS for key negotiation, loss detection, and an exemplary congestion control algorithm.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9000"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC9000"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC9260"> <front> <title>Stream Control Transmission Protocol</title> <author fullname="R. Stewart" initials="R." surname="Stewart"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Tüxen" initials="M." surname="Tüxen"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="K. Nielsen" initials="K." surname="Nielsen"> <organization/> </author> <date month="June" year="2022"/> <abstract> <t>This document describes the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) and obsoletes RFC 4960. It incorporates the specification of the chunk flags registry from RFC 6096 and the specification of the I bit of DATA chunks from RFC 7053. Therefore, RFCs 6096 and 7053 are also obsoleted by this document. In addition, RFCs 4460 and 8540, which describe errata for SCTP, are obsoleted by this document. </t> <t>SCTP was originally designed to transport Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) signaling messages over IP networks. It is also suited to be used for other applications, for example, WebRTC.</t> <t>SCTP is a reliable transport protocol operating on top of a connectionless packet network, such as IP. It offers the following services to its users:</t> <t>The design of SCTP includes appropriate congestion avoidance behavior and resistance to flooding and masquerade attacks.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9260"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC9260"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC3649"> <front> <title>HighSpeed TCP for Large Congestion Windows</title> <author fullname="S. Floyd" initials="S." surname="Floyd"> <organization/> </author> <date month="December" year="2003"/> <abstract> <t>The proposals in this document are experimental. While they may be deployed in the current Internet, they do not represent a consensus that this is the best method for high-speed congestion control. In particular, we note that alternative experimental proposals are likely to be forthcoming, and it is not well understood how the proposals in this document will interact with such alternative proposals. This document proposes HighSpeed TCP, a modification to TCP's congestion control mechanism for use with TCP connections with large congestion windows. The congestion control mechanisms of the current Standard TCP constrains the congestion windows that can be achieved by TCP in realistic environments. For example, for a Standard TCP connection with 1500-byte packets and a 100 ms round-trip time, achieving a steady-state throughput of 10 Gbps would require an average congestion window of 83,333 segments, and a packet drop rate of at most one congestion event every 5,000,000,000 packets (or equivalently, at most one congestion event every 1 2/3 hours). This is widely acknowledged as an unrealistic constraint. To address his limitation of TCP, this document proposes HighSpeed TCP, and solicits experimentation and feedback from the wider community.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="3649"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC3649"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8312"> <front> <title>CUBIC for Fast Long-Distance Networks</title> <author fullname="I. Rhee" initials="I." surname="Rhee"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="L. Xu" initials="L." surname="Xu"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="S. Ha" initials="S." surname="Ha"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="A. Zimmermann" initials="A." surname="Zimmermann"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="L. Eggert" initials="L." surname="Eggert"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="R. Scheffenegger" initials="R." surname="Scheffenegger"> <organization/> </author> <date month="February" year="2018"/> <abstract> <t>CUBIC is an extension to the current TCP standards. It differs from the current TCP standards only in the congestion control algorithm on the sender side. In particular, it uses a cubic function instead of a linear window increase function of the current TCP standards to improve scalability and stability under fast and long-distance networks. CUBIC and its predecessor algorithm have been adopted as defaults by Linux and have been used for many years. This document provides a specification of CUBIC to enable third-party implementations and to solicit community feedback through experimentation on the performance of CUBIC.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8312"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8312"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC6937"> <front> <title>Proportional Rate Reduction for TCP</title> <author fullname="M. Mathis" initials="M." surname="Mathis"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="N. Dukkipati" initials="N." surname="Dukkipati"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="Y. Cheng" initials="Y." surname="Cheng"> <organization/> </author> <date month="May" year="2013"/> <abstract> <t>This document describes an experimental Proportional Rate Reduction (PRR) algorithm as an alternative to the widely deployed Fast Recovery and Rate-Halving algorithms. These algorithms determine the amount of data sent by TCP during loss recovery. PRR minimizes excess window adjustments, and the actual window size at the end of recovery will be as close as possible to the ssthresh, as determined by the congestion control algorithm.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="6937"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC6937"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC7661"> <front> <title>Updating TCP to Support Rate-Limited Traffic</title> <author fullname="G. Fairhurst" initials="G." surname="Fairhurst"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="A. Sathiaseelan" initials="A." surname="Sathiaseelan"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="R. Secchi" initials="R." surname="Secchi"> <organization/> </author> <date month="October" year="2015"/> <abstract> <t>This document provides a mechanism to address issues that arise when TCP is used for traffic that exhibits periods where the sending rate is limited by the application rather than the congestion window. It provides an experimental update to TCP that allows a TCP sender to restart quickly following a rate-limited interval. This method is expected to benefit applications that send rate-limited traffic using TCP while also providing an appropriate response if congestion is experienced.</t> <t>This document also evaluates the Experimental specification of TCP Congestion Window Validation (CWV) defined in RFC 2861 and concludes that RFC 2861 sought to address important issues but failed to deliver a widely used solution. This document therefore reclassifies the status of RFC 2861 from Experimental to Historic. This document obsoletes RFC 2861.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="7661"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC7661"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC3522"> <front> <title>The Eifel Detection Algorithm for TCP</title> <author fullname="R. Ludwig" initials="R." surname="Ludwig"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Meyer" initials="M." surname="Meyer"> <organization/> </author> <date month="April" year="2003"/> <abstract> <t>The Eifel detection algorithm allows a TCP sender to detect a posteriori whether it has entered loss recovery unnecessarily. It requires that the TCP Timestamps option defined in RFC 1323 be enabled for a connection. The Eifel detection algorithm makes use of the fact that the TCP Timestamps option eliminates the retransmission ambiguity in TCP. Based on the timestamp of the first acceptable ACK that arrives during loss recovery, it decides whether loss recovery was entered unnecessarily. The Eifel detection algorithm provides a basis for future TCP enhancements. This includes response algorithms to back out of loss recovery by restoring a TCP sender's congestion control state. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="3522"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC3522"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC3708"> <front> <title>Using TCP Duplicate Selective Acknowledgement (DSACKs) and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Duplicate Transmission Sequence Numbers (TSNs) to Detect Spurious Retransmissions</title> <author fullname="E. Blanton" initials="E." surname="Blanton"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Allman" initials="M." surname="Allman"> <organization/> </author> <date month="February" year="2004"/> <abstract> <t>TCP and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) provide notification of duplicate segment receipt through Duplicate Selective Acknowledgement (DSACKs) and Duplicate Transmission Sequence Number (TSN) notification, respectively. This document presents conservative methods of using this information to identify unnecessary retransmissions for various applications. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="3708"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC3708"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC3742"> <front> <title>Limited Slow-Start for TCP with Large Congestion Windows</title> <author fullname="S. Floyd" initials="S." surname="Floyd"> <organization/> </author> <date month="March" year="2004"/> <abstract> <t>This document describes an optional modification for TCP's slow-start for use with TCP connections with large congestion windows. For TCP connections that are able to use congestion windows of thousands (or tens of thousands) of MSS-sized segments (for MSS the sender's MAXIMUM SEGMENT SIZE), the current slow-start procedure can result in increasing the congestion window by thousands of segments in a single round-trip time. Such an increase can easily result in thousands of packets being dropped in one round-trip time. This is often counter-productive for the TCP flow itself, and is also hard on the rest of the traffic sharing the congested link. This note describes Limited Slow-Start as an optional mechanism for limiting the number of segments by which the congestion window is increased for one window of data during slow-start, in order to improve performance for TCP connections with large congestion windows. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="3742"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC3742"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8511"> <front> <title>TCP Alternative Backoff with ECN (ABE)</title> <author fullname="N. Khademi" initials="N." surname="Khademi"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="M. Welzl" initials="M." surname="Welzl"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="G. Armitage" initials="G." surname="Armitage"> <organization/> </author> <author fullname="G. Fairhurst" initials="G." surname="Fairhurst"> <organization/> </author> <date month="December" year="2018"/> <abstract> <t>Active Queue Management (AQM) mechanisms allow for burst tolerance while enforcing short queues to minimise the time that packets spend enqueued at a bottleneck. This can cause noticeable performance degradation for TCP connections traversing such a bottleneck, especially if there are only a few flows or their bandwidth-delay product (BDP) is large. The reception of a Congestion Experienced (CE) Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) mark indicates that an AQM mechanism is used at the bottleneck, and the bottleneck network queue is therefore likely to be short. Feedback of this signal allows the TCP sender-side ECN reaction in congestion avoidance to reduce the Congestion Window (cwnd) by a smaller amount than the congestion control algorithm's reaction to inferred packet loss. Therefore, this specification defines an experimental change to the TCP reaction specified in RFC 3168, as permitted by RFC 8311.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8511"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8511"/> </reference><xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.9000.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.9260.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3649.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8312.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.6937.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7661.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3522.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3708.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3742.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8511.xml"/> </references> </references> <sectionanchor="acknowledgments"> <name>Acknowledgments</name> <t>Richard Scheffenegger and Alexander Zimmermann originally co-authored <xref target="RFC8312"/>.</t> <t>These individuals suggested improvements to this document:</t> <ul spacing="compact"> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Bob Briscoe"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Christian Huitema"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Gorry Fairhurst"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Jonathan Morton"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Juhamatti Kuusisaari"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Junho Choi"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Markku Kojo"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Martin Duke"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Martin Thomson"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Matt Mathis"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Matt Olson"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Michael Welzl"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Mirja Kühlewind"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Mohit P. Tahiliani"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Neal Cardwell"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Praveen Balasubramanian"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Randall Stewart"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Richard Scheffenegger"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Rod Grimes"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Spencer Dawkins"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Tom Henderson"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Tom Petch"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Wesley Rosenblum"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Yoav Nir"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Yoshifumi Nishida"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Yuchung Cheng"/> </t> </li> </ul> <!-- Anyone else to acknowledge? --> </section> <section anchor="evolution-of-cubic">anchor="since-the-original-paper"> <name>Evolution ofCUBIC</name> <!-- For future PRs, please include a bullet below that summarizes the change and link the issue number to the GitHub issue page. --> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-14"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-14</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Specify how security considerations of TCP applies to CUBIC.</li> <li>Elaborate differences between RFC 5681 and Cubic.</li> <li>Tweak math for better plaintext rendering. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/pull/164">#164</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-13"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-13</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Add contents of <eref target="https://cse.unl.edu/~xu/avg_cubic_cwnd.pdf"/> to <xref target="proof-avg-window"/>.</li> <li>Multiple comments from Martin, define synchronized/asynchronized loss model, clean up 3465 reference, clarficiation for when Cubic is not in Reno-friendly region, referring to proof of avg Cubic window, better text for misbehaving nodes and fix typo in <em>cwnd<sub>epoch</sub></em>. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/pull/158">#158</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-12"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-12</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Fix plaintext version of <xref target="eqssthresh"/>.</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-11"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-11</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Fix various nits. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/pull/157">#157</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-10"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-10</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Improve text related to <xref target="RFC7661"/>. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/149">#149</eref>)</li> <li>Made variable naming a bit more consistent. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/pull/156">#156</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-09"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-09</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Improve text for Reno friendliness, multiplicative decrease and reference to HLRX07. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/pull/152">#152</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-08"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-08</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Fix the text specifying when alpha_cubic <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be set to 1 to indicate this should happen when cwnd >= cwnd<sub>prior</sub> rather than cwnd >= W_max, since these are different in the fast convergence case (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/pull/146">#146</eref>)</li> <li>Restrict use of <em>cwnd</em> directly on a congestion event (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/pull/148">#148</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-07"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-07</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Document the WG discussion and decision around <xref target="RFC5033"/> and <xref target="RFC2914"/> (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/pull/145">#145</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-06"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-06</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>RFC7661 is safe even when cwnd grows beyond rwnd (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/143">#143</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-05"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-05</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Clarify meaning of "application-limited" in Section 5.8 (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/137">#137</eref>)</li> <li>Create new subsections for spurious timeouts and spurious loss via ACK (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/90">#90</eref>)</li> <li>Brief discussion of convergence in Section 5.6 (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/96">#96</eref>)</li> <li>Add more test results to Section 5 and update some references (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/91">#91</eref>)</li> <li>Change wording around setting ssthresh (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/131">#131</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-04"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-04</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Fix incorrect math (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/106">#106</eref>)</li> <li>Update RFC5681 (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/99">#99</eref>)</li> <li>Rephrase text around algorithmic alternatives, add HyStart++ (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/85">#85</eref>, <eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/86">#86</eref>, <eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/90">#90</eref>)</li> <li>Clarify what we mean by "new ACK" and use it in the text in more places. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/101">#101</eref>)</li> <li>Rewrite the Responses to Sudden or Transient Events section (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/98">#98</eref>)</li> <li>Remove confusing text about <em>cwnd<sub>epoch</sub></em> in Section 4.2 (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/100">#100</eref>)</li> <li>Change terminology from "AIMD" to "Reno" (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/108">#108</eref>)</li> <li>Moved <bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14> from app-limited section to main cubic AI section (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/97">#97</eref>)</li> <li>Clarify cwnd decrease during multiplicative decrease (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/102">#102</eref>)</li> <li>Clarify text around queuing and slow adaptation of CUBIC in wireless environments (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/94">#94</eref>)</li> <li>Set lower bound of cwnd to 1 MSS and use retransmit timer thereafter (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/83">#83</eref>)</li> <li>Use FlightSize instead of cwnd to update ssthresh (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/114">#114</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-03"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-03</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Remove reference from abstract (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/pull/82">#82</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-02"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-02</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>Description of packet loss rate <em>p</em> (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/65">#65</eref>)</li> <li>Clarification of TCP Friendly Equation for ABC and Delayed ACK (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/66">#66</eref>)</li> <li>add applicability to QUIC and SCTP (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/61">#61</eref>)</li> <li>clarity on setting <!--{{{α}{}}}-->alpha<em><sub>aimd</sub></em> to 1 (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/68">#68</eref>)</li> <li>introduce <!--{{{α}{}}}-->alpha<em><sub>cubic</sub></em> (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/64">#64</eref>)</li> <li>clarify <em>cwnd</em> growth in convex region (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/69">#69</eref>)</li> <li>add guidance for using bytes and mention that segments count is decimal (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/67">#67</eref>)</li> <li>add loss events detected by RACK and QUIC loss detection (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/62">#62</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-01"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-01</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>address Michael Scharf's editorial suggestions. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/59">#59</eref>)</li> <li>add "Note to the RFC Editor" about removing underscores</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-00"> <name>Since draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc8312bis-00</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>use updated xml2rfc with better text rendering of subscripts</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-eggert-tcpm-rfc8312bis-03"> <name>Since draft-eggert-tcpm-rfc8312bis-03</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>fix spelling nits</li> <li>rename to draft-ietf</li> <li>define <em>W<sub>max</sub></em> more clearly</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-eggert-tcpm-rfc8312bis-02"> <name>Since draft-eggert-tcpm-rfc8312bis-02</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>add definition for segments_acked and <!--{{{α}{}}}-->alpha<em><sub>aimd</sub></em>. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/47">#47</eref>)</li> <li>fix a mistake in <em>W<sub>max</sub></em> calculation in the fast convergence section. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/51">#51</eref>)</li> <li>clarity on setting <em>ssthresh</em> and <em>cwnd<sub>epoch</sub></em> during multiplicative decrease. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/53">#53</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-eggert-tcpm-rfc8312bis-01"> <name>Since draft-eggert-tcpm-rfc8312bis-01</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>rename TCP-Friendly to AIMD-Friendly and rename Standard TCP to AIMD TCP to avoid confusion as CUBIC has been widely used on the Internet. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/38">#38</eref>)</li> <li>change introductory text to reflect the significant broader deployment of CUBIC on the Internet. (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/39">#39</eref>)</li> <li>rephrase introduction to avoid referring to variables that have not been defined yet.</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-draft-eggert-tcpm-rfc8312bis-00"> <name>Since draft-eggert-tcpm-rfc8312bis-00</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>acknowledge former co-authors (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/15">#15</eref>)</li> <li>prevent <em>cwnd</em> from becoming less than two (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/7">#7</eref>)</li> <li>add list of variables and constants (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/5">#5</eref>, <eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/6">#6</eref>)</li> <li>update <em>K</em>'s definition and add bounds forCUBIC<em>target</em> <em>cwnd</em> <xref target="SXEZ19"/> (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/1">#1</eref>, <eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/14">#14</eref>)</li> <li>update <em>W<sub>est</sub></em> to use AIMD approach (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/20">#20</eref>)</li> </ul> <!-- xml2rfc currently doesn't allow the α Unicode symbol in bullet lists --> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>set <!--{{{α}{}}}-->alpha<em><sub>aimd</sub></em> to 1 once <em>W<sub>est</sub></em> reaches <em>W<sub>max</sub></em> (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/2">#2</eref>)</li> <li>add Vidhi as co-author (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/17">#17</eref>)</li> <li>note for Fast Recovery during <em>cwnd</em> decrease due to congestion event (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/11">#11</eref>)</li> <li>add section for spurious congestion events (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/23">#23</eref>)</li> <li>initialize <em>W<sub>est</sub></em> after timeout and remove variable <em>W<sub>last_max</sub></em> (<eref target="https://github.com/NTAP/rfc8312bis/issues/28">#28</eref>)</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-rfc8312"> <name>Since RFC8312</name> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>converted to Markdown and xml2rfc v3</li> <li>updated references (as part of the conversion)</li> <li>updated author information</li> <li>various formatting changes</li> <li>move to Standards Track</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="since-the-original-paper"> <name>Sincesince the Original Paper</name> <t>CUBIC has gone through a few changes since the initial release <xref target="HRX08"/> of its algorithm and implementation. Thissectionappendix highlights the differences between the original paper and <xref target="RFC8312"/>.</t> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>The original paper <xref target="HRX08"/> includes the pseudocode of CUBIC implementation using Linux's pluggable congestion control framework, which excludes system-specific optimizations. The simplified pseudocode might be a goodsource to start with and understandstarting point for learning about CUBIC.</li> <li> <xref target="HRX08"/> also includes experimental results showing its performance and fairness.</li> </ul><!-- xml2rfc currently doesn't allow the β Unicode symbol in bullet lists --><ul spacing="normal"><li>The<li><t>The definition of<!--{{{β}{}}}-->beta<em><sub>cubic</sub></em>the β<em><sub>cubic</sub></em> constant was changed in <xref target="RFC8312"/>. For example,<!--{{{β}{}}}-->beta<em><sub>cubic</sub></em>β<em><sub>cubic</sub></em> in the original paper was referred to as the window decreaseconstantconstant, while <xref target="RFC8312"/> changed it toCUBIC multiplication"CUBIC multiplicative decreasefactor.factor". With this change, the current congestion window size after a congestion event as listed in <xref target="RFC8312"/> was<!--{{{β}{}}}-->beta<em><sub>cubic</sub></em>β<em><sub>cubic</sub></em> *<em>W<sub>max</sub></em><em>W<sub>max</sub></em>, while it was(1-<!--{{{β}{}}}-->beta<em><sub>cubic</sub></em>)(1-β<em><sub>cubic</sub></em>) * <em>W<sub>max</sub></em> in the originalpaper.</li> <li>Itspaper.</t></li> <li><t>Its pseudocode used<em>W<sub>last_max</sub></em><em>W<sub>last_max</sub></em>, while <xref target="RFC8312"/> used<em>W<sub>max</sub></em>.</li> <li>Its<em>W<sub>max</sub></em>.</t></li> <li><t>Its AIMD-friendly window was<em>W<sub>tcp</sub></em><em>W<sub>tcp</sub></em>, while <xref target="RFC8312"/> used<em>W<sub>est</sub></em>.</li><em>W<sub>est</sub></em>.</t></li> </ul> </section></section><section anchor="proof-avg-window"> <name>Proof of the Average CUBIC Window Size</name> <t>This appendix contains a proof for the average CUBIC window size <em>AVG_W<sub>cubic</sub></em> in <xref target="eq5"/>.</t> <t>We find <em>AVG_W<sub>cubic</sub></em> under a deterministic loss model, where the number of packets between two successive packet losses is 1/<em>p</em>.With With this model, CUBIC always operates with the concave window profile and the time period between two successive packet losses is <em>K</em>.</t> <t>The average window size <em>AVG_W<sub>cubic</sub></em> is defined as follows, where the numerator 1/<em>p</em> is the total number of packets between two successive packetlosses,losses and the denominator <em>K</em>/<em>RTT</em> is the total number of RTTs between two successive packet losses.</t> <figure anchor="peq1"> <artset> <artwork type="svg" align="center"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="8.009ex" role="img" viewBox="0 -2011.3 8638.5 3448.4" width="20.064ex"> <defs> <path d="M685 0h-285v16h16c56 0 72 21 72 61c0 6 -1 14 -2 21l-13 113h-198l-84 -140c-7 -8 -10 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<em>K</em> as a function of CUBIC parameters<contact fullname="β" asciiFullname=""/><em><sub>cubic</sub></em>β<em><sub>cubic</sub></em> and <em>C</em>, and network parameters <em>p</em> and <em>RTT</em>.According According to the definition of <em>K</em> in <xref target="eq2"/>, we have</t> <figure anchor="peq2"> <artset> <artwork type="svg" align="center"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="6.343ex" role="img" viewBox="0 -1724.2 12225.5 2730.8" width="28.395ex"> <defs> <path d="M802 653l-4 -16c-51 0 -78 -20 -120 -53l-271 -211l187 -278c29 -43 62 -79 127 -79l-4 -16h-287l4 16h11c28 0 47 5 47 33c0 16 -8 22 -16 35l-156 237h-4l-62 -243c-2 -8 -3 -15 -3 -22c0 -24 19 -40 78 -40h17l-4 -16h-304l4 16h18c60 0 77 35 84 62l117 472 c7 27 10 28 10 49c0 22 -16 38 -76 38h-18l4 16h312l-4 -16h-11c-75 0 -88 -27 -97 -62l-53 -209h5l282 221c10 8 18 16 18 29c-1 14 -9 21 -51 21l4 16h216Z"id="E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D43E"id="E1-STIXWEBNORMALI-1D43E-gensym020" 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coauthored <xref target="RFC8312"/>.</t> <t>These individuals suggested improvements to this document:</t> <ul spacing="compact"> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Bob Briscoe"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Christian Huitema"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Gorry Fairhurst"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Jonathan Morton"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Juhamatti Kuusisaari"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Junho Choi"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Markku Kojo"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Martin Duke"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Martin Thomson"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Matt Mathis"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Matt Olson"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Michael Welzl"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Mirja Kühlewind"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Mohit P. Tahiliani"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Neal Cardwell"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Praveen Balasubramanian"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Randall Stewart"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Richard Scheffenegger"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Rod Grimes"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Spencer Dawkins"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Tom Henderson"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Tom Petch"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Wesley Rosenblum"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Yoav Nir"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Yoshifumi Nishida"/> </t> </li> <li> <t> <contact fullname="Yuchung Cheng"/> </t> </li> </ul> </section> </back><!-- ##markdown-source: H4sIAAAAAAAAA91923YbyZHge35FDXVOm6QBEOCdmu4eUxTV0ujSGpGyusdy awpAgagWUIWuKpCiafpb5hfs532affc3bVwzsy4Agfbu2d3xsWUCqMqMjIyM e0S2221jiriYRI+Ds/dPXpwFozQLnoV5EYTJMHiVJlftp3FehMkgCt5ExU2a 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